=2. A Simple Range-Card for Attack.=--Fig. 44 shows a rough example of a simple range-card made for use in attack over the ground shown in the left sector of the sketch in Fig. 47, from which it will be seen that the objects on the range-card are taken. This has been done to make the example more practical and interesting. The ranges are supposed to be taken from the cross-roads at X to a series of prominent objects on or a little to either side of the line of advance. The distance of each of these points _from the enemy’s position_ (2,000 yards away) is carefully noted, and thus ranging during the attack is greatly facilitated. The range of the enemy’s position from intermediate points can also be more easily estimated by back-reckoning. [Illustration: =Fig. 45.=--SIMPLE RANGE-CARD FOR DEFENCE. _Note._--The point from which ranges are taken should always be described clearly on the card to facilitate setting it.] =3. A Simple Range-Card for Defence.=--Fig. 45 shows a rough example of a simple range-card made for use in defence. The ranges in this case are supposed to be taken from the point _A_ immediately south of the church. The direction line from _A_ to the church is drawn thicker than the other lines to facilitate “setting” the range-card in the same manner in which a map is set. When the card is set for the point from which ranges are taken--which is noted on the card--by pointing the thick direction line on the church, the other direction lines will indicate the ranges of the other points marked on the card. =4. Foreground Range Sketch.=--(i)Fig. 46 shows an example of a foreground range sketch for use in a defensive position. Such a sketch would as a rule only be made in connection with very carefully prepared firing-points; but as from seven to ten hours or more is required to make any serious attempt to prepare and conceal a series of firing-points carefully, it is clear that the range-taking and range-marking party should have ample time to make an exhaustive reconnaissance of the foreground, to put out the range-marks, and to record their work in some simple form. One sketch such as Fig. 46 is sufficient for the commander of a group of firing-points. (ii) Points, the range of which may be ascertained and marked with advantage in such sketches, include the exits and entrances to all areas of dead ground, or likely cover from view or fire; the crests or skylines--as seen from the firing-points--of all ridges and humps on the foreground; patches or lengths of road likely to be traversed by the enemy; gaps and gates in fences; corners of fields and enclosures; bridges, culverts, etc.; and conspicuous single objects, as guide-marks from which to estimate adjacent distances, such as isolated buildings, signposts, rocks, milestones, double telegraph-posts, or other such features.