Fig. xi. Invasion of German East Africa by Belgian and British columns, middle of 1916 131 Fig. xii. Retreat of German Main Force, August, 1916 131 Fig. xiii. Battles of Kissaki and Dutumi 161 Fig. xiv. March of German Main Force, September, 1916, to June, 1917 161 Fig. xv. March of Major-General Wahle in the West 183 Fig. xvi. March of Main Force during operations on interior lines west of Lindi, June to November, 1917 191 Fig. xvii. Battle of Mahiwa 191 Fig. xviii. The Action at the Kireka Mountains 257 Fig. xix. The Action at Namirrue, July 23rd, 1918 285 Fig. xx. Through Portuguese East Africa 297 Fig. xxi. The March into Rhodesia 311 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS General von Lettow-Vorbeck _Frontispiece_ General Map _Facing p._ 32 The Fallen ” 33 Native Women ” 96 Natives Bringing Food ” 97 Masai ” 128 European Dinner-time ” 129 Askari. A Halt ” 160 The Banyan Tree ” 161 Native Types (1) ” 192 Native Types (2) ” 193 Native Types (3) ” 224 Native Types (4) ” 225 Native Types (5) ” 256 Native Types (6) ” 257 PART I EVENTS PREVIOUS TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICANS My Reminiscences of East Africa CHAPTER I BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR