Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was made using scans of public domain works from the University of Michigan Digital Libraries.) MYSTICS AND SAINTS OF ISLAM BY CLAUD FIELD LONDON: FRANCIS GRIFFITHS, 34 MAIDEN LANE, STRAND, W.C. 1910. CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE I. PANTHEISTIC SUFISM 1 II. HASAN BASRI 18 III. RABIA, THE WOMAN SUFI 28 IV. IBRAHIM BEN ADHAM 36 V. FUDHAYL BEN AYAZ 46 VI. BAYAZID BASTAMI 52 VII. ZU'N NUN OF EGYPT 60 VIII. MANSUR HALLAJ 68 IX. HABIB AJAMI 79 X. AVICENNA (IBN SINA) 86 XI. AL GHAZZALI 106 XII. FARIDUDDIN ATTAR 123 XIII. SUHRAWARDY 141 XIV. JALALUDDIN RUMI 148 XV. SHARANI, THE EGYPTIAN 164 XVI. MULLAH SHAH 174 APPENDIX I. MOHAMMEDAN CONVERSIONS 192 " II. EXPOSITION OF SUFISM 196 " III. CHRISTIAN ELEMENTS IN MOHAMMEDAN LITERATURE 202 " IV. CHRIST IN MOHAMMEDAN TRADITION 208 PREFACE It is a custom in some quarters to represent Mohammadan mysticism as merely a late importation into Islam, and an altogether alien element in it. But however much later Islamic mysticism may have derived from Christian, Neo-platonic, and Buddhist sources, there is little doubt that the roots of mysticism are to be found in the Koran itself. The following verse is an instance: "God is the Light of the heavens and the earth. His light is like a niche in which is a lamp, the lamp encased in glass--the glass as it were a glistening star. From a blessed tree is it lighted, the olive neither of the East nor of the West, whose oil would well nigh shine out even though fire touched it not! It is light upon light!" (_Koran Sura_ 24).