Mythology among the Hebrews and Its Historical DevelopmentGoldziher, Ignác
Religion
Mythology among the Hebrews and Its Historical Development
Goldziher, Ignác
Jewish mythology; Judaism -- History -- To 70 A.D.
The clothing of the Night is of black colour, leylâ ḥâlikat al-jilbâb,
as is said in Arabic,[530] (compare μελάμπεπλος νύξ[531]), a ‘pitchy
mantle,’ as Shakespeare says,
The day begins to break, and night is fled
Whose pitchy mantle overveil’d the earth.
_King Henry VI._ First Part, II. 2.[532]
And in Arabic poetry also we meet with night described as a ‘pitchy
mantle.’ For the poet Abû-l-Shibl says in a remarkable elegy[533]:
Shamsun kaʾanna-ẓ-ẓalâma albasahâ * thauban min-az-zifti au min-al-ḳîrî
A sun, as if darkness had clothed him
With a garment of resin or pitch.
The darker the Night, the thicker is the black cloak with which it is
provided. Even modern languages have expressions like _thick_ darkness
(Hungarian _vastag setétség_); in Arabic a very dark night is called a
night with a heavy covering, leyl murjahinn.[534]
The name Lôṭ, accordingly, signifies, like the Hellenic female forms
Kalyke, Kalypso (from καλύπτω), the _Covering Night_. It is very
significant of the Night that the Greek figures are represented as
weaving clothes for the Thunderer:[535] they weave the cloak with which
they cover over the world when they spread darkness over it. Surely no
one will after all this doubt that the name Lot is a designation of the
Covering Night. Should this be still doubtful, perhaps the following
fact from the domain of the Arabic language may bring conviction.
Everyone knows the Arabic word kâfir, at least in its usual meaning of
Infidel. Even the earlier Arabian philologians, who, notwithstanding
frequent amusing whims and hobbies, often exhibit a fine feeling and
very sober judgment as to etymology, said that this word received the
meaning Infidel only through the dogmatism of Islâm, that it originally
denoted the _Coverer_, and that the transition of meaning was founded on
the idea that the Infidel covers up God’s omnipotence. Similarly in
Hebrew the verb kâphar is said of God when he _forgives_ (i.e. covers)
the sins of men; in Arabic ġafar.[536] In Arabic the Unthankful is also
a kâfir, a ‘Coverer,’ since he _covers_ the blessings he has received:
and in late Hebrew he is similarly termed kephûy ṭôbhâ ‘one who covers
up the good.’[537] In short, the kâfir is properly the Coverer. Now the
darkness of night is called kâfir by old Arabian poets. We have already
(in the Tenth Section of this chapter, p. 134), quoted for another
purpose the verse of the poet of the tribe Mâzin: ‘The Shining one
stretches his right hand towards him who _covers up_,’ where the latter
is kâfir, the Night. The celebrated poet Lebîd, too, says in his
prize-poem (Muʿallaḳâ, v. 65): ‘Until the stars stretch out their hands
towards the kâfir, and the weaknesses of the boundaries are covered over
by their darkness,’
Ḥatta iḏâ alḳat yadan fî kâfirin * waʾajanna ʿaurâti-th-thuġûri
ẓalâmuhâ.
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