Footnote 585: See Num. XIV. 14, where before the two pillars are mentioned it is only said that the _cloud_ stood over them. Footnote 586: For Hebraists I note that I take the בְּ be in beʿammûd ʿânân as _Beth essentiae_. Footnote 587: _Ḥayât al-ḥaywân_, II. 52. Footnote 588: Bastian, _Geographische und ethnographische Bilder_, p. 169, and some passages in books of African travel quoted by Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, II. 169. Footnote 589: _Ricerche per lo studio dell’ antichità assira_, Turin 1872, p. 467. Footnote 590: Tiele, _Vergelijkende Geschiedenis_, p. 301, however, calls this last epithet ‘much too general to draw any conclusion from.’ Footnote 591: Lazarus Geiger, _Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprach und Vernunft_, I. 346. Footnote 592: In Petermann’s _Geogr. Mittheilungen_, 1874, XX. 330, pt. 9. Footnote 593: K. Andree, _Forschungsreisen etc._, II. 362. Footnote 594: _The Academy_, 1874, p. 548, col. 2. Footnote 595: See Excursus D. Footnote 596: Accordingly this appellation belongs to the same category as those which are noticed above, p. 175. In genealogical notes elsewhere also the Serpent occurs as ancestor; I need only mention the case which stands nearest to our subject in prehistoric Arabia—that of al-Afʿa b. al-Afʿa, ‘the Viper,’ head of a branch of the people of Jurhum, Ibn ʿAbdûn, p. 71 _et seq._ Footnote 597: On the solar significance of the Bull-worship see Kuenen, _Religion of Israel_, I. 236 _et seq._ Footnote 598: I believe the historical narrative in Ex. XXXII. 26–29 is to be taken in this sense. It is solar worship that is forcing its way into the strictly nomadic religion of the Hebrews, and the Levites are guardians of the nomadic religion. Footnote 599: See Bastian in the _Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie_, 1868, V. 153. Footnote 600: Ebers, _Aegypten und die Bücher Moses_, I. 245 _et seq._ Footnote 601: On the adoration of the night-sky a passage of the Midrâsh should be consulted (Mechiltâ, ed. Friedmann, fol. 68 a), in which the possibility of a demûth chôshekh ‘an idol of Darkness,’ is assumed. Footnote 602: Most recently by Ewald, _Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott_, I. 234 _et seq._ On the purpose and importance of the interpretation of winds and clouds among the Babylonians, see Lenormant, _La divination et la science des présages chez les Chaldéens_, Paris 1875, pp. 64–68. Footnote 603: _De Izraelieten te Mekka_, Haarlem 1864, p. 29. Footnote 604: See my remark in the _Zeitschr. d. D. M. G._, 1874, XXVIII. 309. ----- CHAPTER VII. _INFLUENCE OF THE AWAKING NATIONAL IDEA ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE HEBREW MYTH._