Footnote 226: _Ḥamâsâ_, Text, p. 340, 3 _infr._ Footnote 227: E.g. Yâḳûṭ, _Geograph. Dict._, II. 118. s.v. _gamal_. Footnote 228: _al-Nâbiġâ_, III. 2. Footnote 229: _Journal Asiatique_, 1868, II. 378. Footnote 230: Just as can be said of another passage closely connected with the above, Is. XL. 26. On the contrary, especially in the latter passage, the host of stars is compared to a war-host, ṣâbhâ; and the idea that each star is a valiant warrior is also not strange to Arabic poetry (e.g. _Ḥamâsâ_, p. 36, l. 5, comp. Num. XXIV. 17); for the conception of ṣebâ hash-shamayîm ‘host or army of heaven,’ has taken as firm root among the Arabs as among the Hebrews. ‘For thou art the Sun,’ says al-Nâbiġâ (VIII. 10) to king Noʿmân, ‘and the other kings are stars; when the former rises, not a single star of these latter are any longer visible.’ With this is connected the expression juyûsh al-ẓalâm ‘the armies of darkness’ (_Romance of ʿAntar_, XVIII. 8. 6, XXV. 60. 69). In the last passage, indeed, it stands in parallelism with ʿasâkir al-ḍiʾâ w-al-ibtisâm ‘armies of light and smiling,’ just as with the synonymous juyûsh al-ġeyhab (_ʿAntar_, XV. 58. 11). Footnote 231: On this peculiarity of the poets of the towns an opinion of ʿAjjâj very much to the point occurs in the _Kitâb al-aġânî_, II. 18. Footnote 232: _The Heart of Africa_, I. 28. Footnote 233: _Quer durch Afrika_, I. 121. Footnote 234: Palgrave, _Central and Eastern Arabia_, I. 463. Footnote 235: _De Sacrificio Kajin_, p. 169, ed. Mangey, Oxford 1742. In another treatise Philo distinguishes two kinds of shepherds and two kinds of agriculturists, of which one kind is blameworthy, and the other praiseworthy. There is a distinction between ποιμήν and κηνοτροφός, and on the other hand between γῆς ἐργάτης (probably answering to the Hebrew ʿôbêd adâmâ), and γεωργός (probably intended to represent the Hebrew îsh adâmâ). See _De Agricultura_, p. 303 _et seq_. Footnote 236: _Geographische und ethnologische Bilder_, pp. 191–97. Footnote 237: _Lettres persanes_, Lettre CXXI. Footnote 238: See Herberstein, _Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii_, Vienna 1549, p. 61, where a Tatar formula of execration is said to be ‘ut eodem in loco perpetuo tamquam Christianus haereas.’ Footnote 239: _Travels in Arabia_, ed. Ouseley, 1829, p. 381. Footnote 240: A notable illustration of this relation is presented by the Arabic proverb, ‘If you hear that the smith (of the caravan) is packing up in the evening, be sure that he will not go till the following morning’ (_al-Meydânî_, Bûlâḳ edition, I. 34). Notice the occasion of the origin of this proverb, in the commentary on the passage. Footnote 241: _Personal Narrative of Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina_, 2nd ed. 1857, I. 117. Footnote 242: Burton’s _First Footsteps in Eastern Africa_, p. 240. Footnote 243: