Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat: Nec renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis. (_Metamorph._ I. 101–2, 109–10.) Footnote 214: _History of Herodotus_, tr. G. Rawlinson, IV. c. 46, note 5. Footnote 215: Muslim’s _Collection of Traditions_ (ed. of Cairo with commentary), I. 138; al-Jauharî, s.r. _fdd._ Cf. Dozy, _Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien_, Leipzig 1874, I. 17. Footnote 216: Al-Buchârî, _Recueil des Traditions Musulmans_ (ed. Krehl), II. 385 (LX. No. 29). Footnote 217: Al-Buchârî, _Recueil_ &c., II. 74 (XL I. No. 20). Footnote 218: Al-Buchârî, _Recueil_ &c. p. 67, No. 2. It is true these expressions might be balanced by a few somewhat opposite in character, such as that which declares that in the judgment of the Prophet the best business is Trade; according to other reporters Manufacture; according to others (whose version is regarded as the correct one) Agriculture (see al-Nawawî on Muslim’s _Collection of Traditions_, IV. 32). Still such sentences, even when confirmed by others, cannot weaken the force of those cited in the text. I must also mention in conclusion that al Shaʿrânî in his _Book of the Balance_ (Kitâb al-mîzân, Cairo [Castelli], 1279, II. 68) mentions this question as a point of difference among the canonical authorities of Islamic theology: the school of al-Shâfeʿî regards trade as the noblest occupation, whilst the three other Imâms (Abû Ḥanîfâ, Mâlik b. Anas, and Aḥmed b. Ḥanbal) declare for field-labour and manufactures. Footnote 219: See Alfred von Kremer, _Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Khalifen_, I. 16. Footnote 220: Von Kremer, _ibid._ pp. 71, 77; _Culturgeschichtlichte Streifzüge_, p. xi. Footnote 221: Ibn ʿAbdi Rabbihi, _Kitâb al-ʿiḳd al-ferîd_, ed. Bûlâḳ 1293 A.H., vol. III. p. 347. Footnote 222: _Futuh as-Shâm_, being an account of the Moslem conquests in Syria, ed. Nassau Lees, Calcutta 1854, I. 9 _et seq_. Footnote 223: This satirical reproach of the Bedâwî often occurs, e.g. sometimes in the Romance of ʿ_Antar_ in passages which are not accessible to me at the present moment. We meet with it also in the Persian king Yezdegird’s satire on the Arabs (_Chroniques de Tabari_, transl. by Zotenberg, III. 387). Later also, in Ibn Baṭûṭâ, _Voyages_, III. 282, where the Indian Prince describes his Beduin brother-in-law Seif al-Dîn Ġada, who had at first charmed him, but afterwards been disgraced for his want of manners, by the epithet _mûsh châr_, i.e. ‘field-rat-eater;’ ‘for,’ adds the traveller, ‘the Arabs of the Desert eat field-rats.’ See also _Aġânî_, III. 33, l. 4 from below, where Bashshâr b. Burd accuses a Bedâwî of hunting mice (ṣeydu faʿrin). Footnote 224: _Prolégomènes, trad. par de Slane_, pp. 255–273. Footnote 225: A collection of similar poetical passages is to be found in Freytag’s _Commentary on the amâsâ_, pp. 601 and 606.