The artillery of the Guard comprised 2 heavy and 2 light batteries, each of 16 guns and howitzers, and 2 horse artillery batteries of 8, with establishments in proportion. The armament consisted of 18-pounder (1/2-_púd_) howitzers and 12-pounder guns for the heavy batteries, 9-pounder howitzers and 6-pounder guns for the light artillery, and 6-pounders for the horse batteries. The heavy ammunition waggons customary in other European armies were not employed in Russia, their place being taken by a larger number of light vehicles. The quality of the material appears generally to have been excellent, though Sir R. Wilson and General Kutaïsov recommended various improvements; and the draft horses were very numerous and good. The Russian artillery continually performed feats of transport that speak volumes for its high quality, and the number of pieces abandoned or captured was extraordinarily small. The technical troops were few in number and lacking both in scientific officers and training. The medical department, though far better than in 1807, when it was practically non-existent, was still terribly inadequate and ill equipped, and trained physicians and surgeons were very few. There were 32 garrison regiments, 1 Guard garrison battalion, garrison artillery, and pensioners. A detailed statement of the Russian forces is given in Appendix C, but of course all of these were not available. Immediately disposable to meet the invasion there were:-- First Line About First Army of the West 126,000 Second ” ” 40,000 Third ” ” 45,000 ------- 211,000 Second Line About 27th Infantry Division 7,500 Reserve Troops and Riga Garrison 37,500 ------ 45,000 -------- Total 256,000 To reinforce the fighting line there were brought up during the campaign-- About From Finland 14,000 ” the Turkish frontier 44,000 ” the Crimea 5,000 Militia, Recruits, Cossacks, etc. 90,000 ------ 153,000 -------- Total actually employed 409,000 -------- The last item can only be a very rough estimate. It is, however, certain that the large figures given in some authorities bear no proportion to the numbers of reinforcements which actually reached the front. It is of course obvious that the entire armed strength of Russia cannot be reckoned as opposed to Napoleon. The Asiatic, Caucasian and Crimea troops could at best only furnish small detachments.