[Illustration: CARTE DES TERRES NOUVELLEMENT CONNUES AU NORD DE LA MER DU SUD NOTE.—The map of Buache, 1752, showing De Guignes’ route of the Chinese emigration to Fusang. Reduced from the copy in the _Congrès internationale des Américanistes, Compte Rendu, Nancy, 1875_.] The next to discuss the question, and in an affirmative spirit, was Charles Hippolyte de Paravey, in the _Annales de Philosophie Chrétienne_ (Feb., 1844), whose paper was published separately as _L’Amérique sous le nom de pays de Fou-Sang, est elle citée dès le 5^e siècle de notre ère, dans les grandes annales de la Chine_, etc. _Discussion ou dissertation abrégée, où l’affirmative est prouvée_ (Paris, 1844); and in 1847 he published _Nouvelles preuves que le pays du Fousang est l’Amérique_.[558] The controversy as between De Guignes and Klaproth was shared, in 1862, by Gustave d’Eichthal, taking the Frenchman’s side, in the _Revue Archéologique_ (vol. ii.), and finally in his _Etudes sur les origines Bouddhiques de la civilisation Américaine_ (Paris, 1865).[559] In 1870, E. Bretschneider, in his “Fusang, or who discovered America?” in the _Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal_ (Foochow, Oct., 1870), contended that the whole story was the fabrication of a lying priest.[560] In 1875 there was new activity in discussing the question. Two French writers of considerable repute in such studies attracted attention: the one, Lucien Adam, in the Congrès des Américanistes at Nancy (_Compte Rendu_, i. 145); and the other, Léon de Rosny, entered the discussions at the same session (_Ibid._ i. p. 131).[561] The most conspicuous study for the English reader was Charles Godfrey Leland’s _Fusang, or The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century_ (London, 1875).[562] The Marquis d’Hervey de Saint Denis published in the _Actes de la Soc. d’Ethnographie_ (1869), vol. vi., and later in the _Comptes Rendus_ of the French Academy of Inscriptions, a _Mémoire sur le pays connu des anciens Chinois sous le nom de Fousang, et sur quelques documents inédits pour servir à l’identifier_, which was afterwards published separately in Paris, 1876, in which he assented to the American theory. The student of the subject need hardly go, however, beyond E. P. Vining’s _An inglorious Columbus: or, Evidence that Hwui Shăn and a party of Buddhist monks from Afghanistan discovered America in the fifth century_ A.D. (New York, 1885), since the compiler has made it a repository of all the essential contributions to the question from De Guignes down. He gives the geographical reasons for believing Fusang to be Mexico (ch. 20), comparing the original description of Fusang with the early accounts of aboriginal Mexico, and rehearsing the traditions, as is claimed, of the Buddhists still found by the Spaniards pervading the memories of the natives, and at last (ch. 37) summarizing all the grounds of his belief.[563] * * * * *