In Pennsylvania the Swedes were beginning to lose in number when the century opened, and the Dutch were also succumbing to the English preponderance; but there were new-comers in the Welsh and Germans in sufficient numbers to keep the characteristics of the people very various.[564] Religion had brought the earliest Germans,—Dunkers[565] and Mennonists,[566] all industrious, but ignorant. By 1719 the Irish began to come, in part a desirable stock, the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians; but in large numbers they were as unpromising as the dregs of a race could make them. The rise of Presbyterianism in Pennsylvania is traced in C. A. Briggs’s _Amer. Presbyterianism_ (New York, 1885).[567] The influx of other than English into Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century had an extent best measured by _A collection of upwards of 30,000 names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French, and other immigrants in Pennsylvania, 1727-1776, with notes and an appendix containing lists of more than one thousand German and French in New York prior to 1712_, by Professor I. Daniel Rupp (2d enlarged ed., Philad., 1876). Respecting the Welsh immigrants, compare the _Pennsylvania Mag. of Hist._, i. 330; Howard M. Jenkins’s _Historical collections relating to Gwynedd, a township of Montgomery County, Penn., settled, 1698, by Welsh immigrants, with some data referring to the adjoining township of Montgomery, also a Welsh settlement_ (Phila., 1884), and J. Davis’s _History of the Welsh Baptists_ (Pittsburgh, 1835). The Huguenot emigration to the middle colonies, particularly to New York, is well studied in C. W. Baird’s _Huguenot Emigration to America_ (1885). Cf. references _ante_, p. 98; and for special monographs, W. W. Waldron’s _Huguenots of Westchester and Parish of Fordham, with an introduction by S. H. Tyng_ (New York, 1864), and G. P. Disosway on the Huguenots of Staten Island, in the _Continental Monthly_, i. 683, and his app. on “The Huguenots in America” to Samuel Smiles’s _Huguenots_ (N. Y., 1868). * * * * * The best summary of the manners and social and intellectual life of the middle colonies will be found in Lodge’s _Short History of the English Colonies_ (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania), and he fortifies his varied statements with convenient references. For New York specially the best known picture of life is Mrs. Anne Grant’s _Memoirs of an American Lady_,[568] but its recollections, recorded in late life, of experiences of childhood, have nearly taken it out of the region of historical truth. For Pennsylvania there is a rich store of illustration in Watson’s _Annals of Philadelphia_, and much help will be derived from the _Penn and Logan Letters_, printed by the Penna. Hist. Soc.;[569] from the journal of William Black, a Virginian, who recorded his observations in 1744, printed in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._ (vols. i. and ii.).[570]