Natural History of the Racer Coluber constrictorFitch, Henry S. (Henry Sheldon)
Science
Natural History of the Racer Coluber constrictor
Fitch, Henry S. (Henry Sheldon)
Racer snake
For many of the racers captured over periods of years it was possible
to plot "minimum home ranges" in the areas that they occupied. One
caught 12 times in five consecutive years will serve as a typical
example. There were seven locations involved; three captures were made
at one point and two captures at each of two others; the other five
locations were each represented by a single capture. One of the seven
locations was for a capture made at a rock ledge in October, and hence
can be eliminated from considerations of home range. The other six
locations are based upon captures made from late May to early August,
and they form a rhomboid pattern, with three locations in alignment on
one side and two others inside the quadrangular figure formed by the
five outlying points. Obviously such a group of records gives some
idea of the location and extent of the snake's activities but the
information is far from complete. As shown by Odum and Kuenzler
(1955), a much larger series of records, usually several dozen, with
eight or more marginal locations, is necessary to illustrate even an
approximation of the actual home range. Under the conditions of my
study such a series of records was unattainable. Few if any of the
racers recaptured had more complete series of records than the one
mentioned above.
For 20 racers the records were sufficiently numerous and well
distributed to permit plotting of minimum home ranges. One of these
ranges was hexagonal, nine were pentagonal, eight were rhomboidal and
three were triangles. In four instances the area encompassed was
broken by woodland, indicating that the home range comprised two or
three disjunct segments. In all instances the smaller segments were
triangular. The 20 minimum home ranges averaged 6.6 acres (3.2 to
12.8). The 15 ranges of males averaged 7.3 acres, whereas the five
ranges of females averaged only 4.5 acres, but the sample is too small
to be relied upon for differences in the sexes.
[Illustration: Fig. 10. Movements of blue racers within or between
areas of summer habitat on the Reservation and Rockefeller Tract. The
trends are much alike for males and females.]
In an earlier publication (Fitch, 1958:73) I discussed an alternative
method for determining size of home range in animals that move about
freely within a chosen area, not having their movements restricted by
attachment to a specific home base. Ordinarily any two records of the
animal within its home range will be separated _on the average_ by a
distance equal to half the diameter of the area. Assuming that home
ranges in general tend to have a circular shape, except as restricted
by limiting environmental factors, the area can be easily computed
from the average recorded movement--the home range radius. It is
necessary, of course, to have a sufficiently large number of records
of movements to obtain an average that is statistically reliable.
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