Natural History of the Racer Coluber constrictorFitch, Henry S. (Henry Sheldon)
Science
Natural History of the Racer Coluber constrictor
Fitch, Henry S. (Henry Sheldon)
Racer snake
Of the many endoparasites found in racers, the lung fluke, _Neorenifer
lateriporus_ was the only one identified and frequently observed in my
study (Stewart, 1959). This is a digenetic trematode of the subfamily
Reniferinae. The racer is its specific host. The life history is still
unknown, but in other members of the subfamily, all of which
parasitize snakes, an aquatic snail and a frog are required as hosts
at different stages of the life cycle. Presumably _N. lateriporus_ has
similar requirements. The two common local water snails, _Heliosoma
trivolvis_ and _Physa anatina_, are both potential hosts. By far the
most probable frog host is the leopard frog. In wet weather of July
the recently metamorphosed leopard frogs leave the water and disperse
to all habitats, probably carrying with them the parasites acquired in
the tadpole stage. The racers in turn probably acquire their flukes by
eating the young frogs in summer. In any case, the adult racers are
nearly all parasitized, but the flukes have not been found in those
racers that were less than one year old. During their first few
months, the racers are too small to swallow leopard frogs, even the
young. The flukes have been seen in the live racers mostly in May,
when most adults are infested with the flukes. Seemingly at this
season the flukes migrate forward into the mouth of the host.
Probably this is the time when the flukes breed and lay eggs; if so,
the eggs would pass through the digestive tract of the snake and
escape with its feces. The latter are usually left in terrestrial
situations unfavorable for the development of an aquatic stage, but
perhaps some of the eggs are washed into ponds by heavy summer rains.
In late summer and fall the flukes are not to be found in the mouths
of the live snakes.
Most complete records of the flukes present in racers were kept in
1959. The following table shows the numbers of racers examined and the
percentage having flukes in that year.
Ortenburger (1928:182) recorded lung flukes (_Renifer ellipticus_)
from blue racers. In Maryland, McCauley (1945:76) also recorded
numerous lung flukes (_Pseudorenifer_ sp.) in an immature racer 490
millimeters in total length. Parker (1941:34) recorded _Neorenifer
septicus_ from racers collected at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee,
Greensboro, Georgia, and Kissimmee, Florida; also he recorded _N.
georgianum_ from racers collected at Reelfoot Lake. _N. septicus_ was
recorded by the same author from the water moccasin (_Agkistrodon
piscivorus_) and _N. georgianum_ was also recorded from the king snake
(_Lampropeltis getulus_).
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