The most general formulation of the natural law: _if A is experienced,
then we expect B_, necessarily refers in the first place only to certain
_parts_ of the thing experienced. For perfect similarity in two
experiences is excluded by the mere fact that we ourselves change
unceasingly and one-sidedly. Consequently, no matter how accurate the
repetition of a former experience may be, our very participation in it,
an element bound to enter, causes it to be different. Therefore we deal
with only a _partial_ repetition of any experience, and the common part
is all the smaller a fraction of the entire experience, the more
_general_ the concept corresponding to this part. But the most general
and most important natural laws apply to such very general ideas, and
accordingly they determine only a small part of the whole result. Other
parts are determined by other laws, but we can never point out an
experience that has been determined completely and unequivocally by
natural laws known to us. For example, we know that when we throw a
stone, it will describe an approximate parabolic curve in falling to the
ground. But if we should attempt to determine its course accurately, we
should have to take into consideration the resistance of the air, the
rotatory motion of the stone upon being thrown, the movement of the
earth, and numerous other circumstances, the exact determination of
which is a matter beyond the power of all sciences. Nothing but an
_approximate_ determination of the stone's course is possible, and every
step forward toward accuracy and absoluteness would require scientific
advances which it would probably take centuries to accomplish.
Science, therefore, can by no means determine the exact linear course
that the stone will take in its fall. It can merely establish a certain
broader path within which the stone's movement will remain. And the path
is the wider the smaller the progress science has made in the branch in
question. The same conditions prevail in the case of every other
prediction based upon natural laws. Natural laws merely provide a
certain frame within which the thing will remain. But which of the
infinitely numerous possibilities within this frame will become reality
can never be absolutely determined by human powers.
The belief that it is possible has been evoked merely by a far-reaching
method of abstraction on the part of science. By assuming in place of
the stone "a non-extended point of mass" and by disregarding all the
other factors which in some way (whether known or unknown) exercise an
influence on the stone's movement, we can effect an apparently perfect
solution of the problem. But the solution is not valid for real
experience, merely for an ideal case, which bears only a more or less
profound similarity to the real. It is only such an ideal world, that
is, a world arbitrarily removed from its actual complexity, that has the
quality of absolute determinateness which we are wont to ascribe to the
real world.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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