Analogy between War and Hunting.--The Pitfall as used for both Purposes.--African Pitfalls for large Game, and their Armature for preventing the Escape of Prey.--Its Use in this Country on a miniature scale.--Mr. Waterton’s Mouse-trap.--Pitfall of the Ant-lion, and its Armature for preventing the Escape of Prey.--The Club and its Origin.--Gradual Development of the Weapon.--The “Pine-apple” Club of Fiji.--The Game of Pallone and the “Bracciale.”--The Irish Shillelagh.--Clubs and Maces of Wood, Metal, or mixed.--The Morgenstern.--Ominous Jesting.--Natural Clubs.--The Durian, the Diodon, and the Horse-chestnut.--The Sword, or flattened and sharpened Club.--Natural and artificial Armature of the Edge.--The Sword-grass, Leech, and Saw-fish.--Spears and Swords armed with Bones and Stones.--The Spear and Dagger, and their Analogies.--Structure of the Spear.--The Bamboo as a Weapon of War or Hunting.--Singular Combat, and its Results. The two subjects which are here mentioned are practically one, the warfare being in the one case carried on against mankind, and in the other against the lower animals, the means employed being often the same in both cases. THE PITFALL. One of the simplest examples of this double use is afforded by the Pitfall, which is employed in almost every part of the world, and, although mostly used for hunting, still keeps its place in warfare. On the right hand of the accompanying illustration is shown a section of the Pitfall which is so commonly used in Africa for the capture of large game. It is, as may be seen, a conical hole, the bottom of which is armed with a pointed stake. Should a large animal fall into the pit, the shape of the sides forces it upon the stake, by which it is transfixed. Even elephants of the largest size often fall victims to this simple trap. It is only large enough to receive the fore-legs and chest, but that is quite sufficient to cause the death of the animal, the stake penetrating to the heart. Many a hunter has fallen into these traps, and found great difficulty in escaping, while some have not escaped at all. Indeed, in many parts of Southern Africa, when part of one tribe is about to visit another, the pitfalls are always unmasked, lest the intended guests should fall into them. [Illustration: PITFALL OF ANT-LION FOR CATCHING INSECTS.] [Illustration: AFRICAN PITFALL FOR CATCHING LARGE GAME.] Even without the spike, the elephant would scarcely be able to save itself, owing to its enormous weight, unless helped out by its comrades before the hunters came up. Indeed, many pitfalls are intentionally made for this purpose, and are of a different shape, _i.e._ about eight feet in length and four in breadth.