1. Discussion of principal papers and their editors. 2. Statistics as to paper published. V. THE TRANSITION PERIOD (1880-1900)— 1. Discussion of papers established that still exist. 2. The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers. VI. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-)— 1. Journalism regarded as a vocation. 2. Discussion of organization, staffs, circulation and advertisements. 3. News service and syndicates. VII. PRESENT DAY NEWSPAPERS— 1. Discussion of mechanical equipment, news handling, etc. 2. Circulation and staffs. 3. Twelve best Negro newspapers. VIII. DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS— 1. Early attempts. 2. Daily editions for special periods. 3. Present day dailies. IX. NEGRO MAGAZINES— 1. Precursors. 2. Discussions of the development. 3. Present day publications—characteristics, size, circulation, and aim. X. JOURNALISM AND NEGRO SCHOOLS— 1. High School and College papers. 2. College courses in Journalism—Howard, Fisk, and Wilberforce. 3. Training in printing—Tuskegee and Hampton. XI. A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE— 1. Development, opportunity for advancement, and achievement. XII. APPENDIX—LIST OF NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES PUBLISHED TODAY. A History of Negro Journalism In the United States CHAPTER I EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS [Sidenote: FREEDOM’S JOURNAL] Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began _The Genius of Universal Emancipation_, and four years before William Lloyd Garrison started to publish _The Liberator_, Negro Journalism in America was born. The first publication was _Freedom’s Journal_[1], issued March 16, 1827. It was in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed weekly, about nine by twelve inches. _Freedom’s Journal_ was a thorough-going abolitionist sheet, having been called into being to defend the Negro against the vile attacks of a New York editor of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and Negro-hating tendencies. This new organ had for its motto, “Righteousness Exalteth a Nation,” and its columns were filled with long dissertations on the immorality of slavery. [Sidenote: JOHN RUSSWURM FIRST EDITOR] The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first Negroes to graduate from a college in the United States, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826. Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He published _The Journal_ until 1829, when he went to Liberia, where he became editor of _The Liberia Herald_. [Sidenote: THE COLORED AMERICAN]