There are cases when the personality of the individual is changed, or more personalities are formed. This metamorphosis may be brought about _artificially_, by suggestion, either direct or indirect. This is often brought about in a state of hypnosis when any number of personalities may be formed at the will of the hypnotizer who may create them deliberately; or they may become formed by subtle indirect suggestion, coming from the hypnotizer, of which he himself is not fully conscious; or the personalities may be formed by auto-suggestions. Such phenomena may be regarded as the _artefacts of Psychopathology_. There are again cases which are no play-personalities depending on hypnotic suggestion, or suggestion in waking life, but which are really due to pathological agencies. The former, due to suggestion, are _suggestion-personalities_, the latter, due to pathological agencies, are _pathological personalities_. The formation of multiple personality by means of suggestion does not belong to our present subject. I have discussed these facts of suggestion personalities in my volume, “The Psychology of Suggestion,” and other works. The pathological multiple personalities are of immense interest from many standpoints which we need not go into just at present, since our object is rather the causation, not the nature and character of the personalities themselves.[7] The subwaking self is extremely credulous; it lacks all sense of the true and rational. “Two and two make five.” “Yes.” Anything is accepted, if sufficiently emphasized by the hypnotizer. The suggestibility and imitativeness of the subwaking self were discussed by me at great length. What I should like to point out here is the extreme _servility_ and _cowardliness_ of that self. Show hesitation, and it will show fight; command authoritatively, and it will obey slavishly. _The subwaking self is devoid of all morality._ It will steal without the least scruple; it will poison; it will stab; it will assassinate its best friends unhesitatingly. When completely cut off from the waking person, it is precluded from conscience. FOOTNOTE: [7] The subject of pathological multiple personalities is discussed in my work, “Multiple Personality.” CHAPTER XIII THE CHARACTER OF THE HYPNOIDAL STATE In “The Psychology of Suggestion,” I pointed out the conditions of normal and abnormal suggestibility. Among these conditions, monotony and the limitation of voluntary movements play an important rôle. Any arrangement of external circumstances, tending to produce monotony and limitation of voluntary movements, brings about a subconscious state of suggestibility in which the patient’s mental life can be influenced with ease.