It is a question whether this case is one of the group described in 1871 by Charcot under the name of _pachymeningitis cervicalis hypertrophica_. Charcot did not regard his new disease as syphilitic, and it is very probable that syphilis is not responsible for all cases. Charcot, however, noted that his new disease was not incurable: he noted that the resulting paraplegia, although it might be very marked and accompanied by flexion of the leg on the thigh and although the paraplegia might have lasted a very long time, might end in recovery. Charcot thought that surgical intervention was necessary. He described three periods in the disease, the first or neuralgic (pseudo-neuralgic) was characterized by sharp pains in the neck and by the sensation of constriction in the upper part of the thorax. The second phase of the disease was, according to Charcot, the paralytic phase, in which a cervical paraplegia accompanied by muscular atrophy developed. Sometimes cases were found to remain in this paralytic phase and even to end spontaneously in cure. If the muscular atrophy was degenerative, then the atrophy was never replaced; but, according to Charcot, some cases of atrophy were simple and accordingly curable. If, however, the spinal cord itself became involved in the meningeal inflammation, then phenomena of transverse myelitis set in with a spastic paraplegia and involvement of the bladder and rectum. Muscular atrophy never developed in the legs, at least in typical cases. Among the causes of this condition the following have been mentioned: cold, overexertion, alcoholism, tuberculosis and syphilis. Syphilis undoubtedly plays the major part. Even before the days of the W. R., observers, among whom may be mentioned Dejerine-Tinel and Pförringer, discovered syphilis in nearly all sufferers from _pachymeningitis cervicalis hypertrophica_. It should be differentiated from caries of the spine and cord and meningeal tumors. The spinal fluid examination makes this somewhat easy. Antisyphilitic remedies are indicated, and should be tried even when the etiology is obscure, if only as a therapeutic test. But what have been thy answers? What but dark, Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding, Which they who asked have seldom understood, And, not well understood, as well not known? Paradise Regained, Book I, lines 434–437 II. THE SYSTEMATIC DIAGNOSIS OF THE MAIN FORMS OF NEUROSYPHILIS =PARETIC NEUROSYPHILIS (“general paresis”) sometimes persistently receives the diagnosis NEURASTHENIA simply through omission to apply approved diagnostic methods.= =Case 9.= Greeley Harrison, a man of 46, certainly looked like a neurasthenic. He wanted aid for nervous indigestion of years’ standing, headache, insomnia, nervousness, failing memory, and deafness. He volunteered, in fact, that he had neurasthenia, and that he had been treated for this by hypophosphites.