[Transcriber’s Notes A small number of obvious typos have been corrected. Except for this, the spelling and punctuation of the book have not been changed. Underscores are used for italic markup; the three words that end this sentence _are in italics_. The symbols ^{} are used to represent a superscript; for example "3 squared" would be printed as "3^{2}". The footnotes have been renumbered from 1 to 988. Each footnote has been placed at the end of the section in which it is flagged.] NEW ENGLAND AND THE BAVARIAN ILLUMINATI BY VERNON STAUFFER, A. M. _Dean and Professor of New Testament and Church History Hiram College_ SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK 1918 COPYRIGHT, 1918 BY VERNON STAUFFER To J. E., R. W., AND R. F. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER I THE UNDERMINING OF PURITAN STANDARDS AND INSTITUTIONS 1. Rapid Disintegration of Puritanism after the Revolution 13 2. Ominous Discontent with the Standing Order 33 3. Alarms due to the Spread of Religious Radicalism and Scepticism 66 CHAPTER II POLITICAL ENTANGLEMENTS AND HYSTERIA 1. The Situation prior to 1798 103 2. The Situation from 1798 to 1800 122 CHAPTER III THE EUROPEAN ORDER OF THE ILLUMINATI 1. The Rise and the Disappearance of the Order 142 2. The Legend of the Order and its Literary Communication to New England 186 CHAPTER IV THE ILLUMINATI AGITATION IN NEW ENGLAND 1. Morse Precipitates the Controversy 229 2. Inconclusive Developments of Morse’s Second Formal Deliverance 261 3. Morse Submits his Inept Documentary Evidence 287 4. Freemasonry’s Embarrassment and Protest 321 5. Attempts of Democrats to Fix the Countercharge of Illuminism upon the Federalists 345 BIBLIOGRAPHY 361 ACKNOWLEDGMENT