[564] _Ibid._, pp. 52 _et seq._, 66, 76. Barruel labors hard to save himself from the cruel necessity of including Montesquieu in the list of conspirators. He finds it “painful to apply such a reproach to this celebrated writer.” (_Ibid._, p. 76.) With some cleverness he remarks: “He [Montesquieu] did not conspire by setting up his systems, but his systems formed conspirators.” (_Ibid._, p. 98.) [565] _Ibid._, p. 101. [566] Barruel, _op. cit._, pp. 130, 131, 157 _et seq._ [567] _Ibid._, pp. 159 _et seq._ [568] Barruel contended that the popular uprisings of the period in Geneva, Bohemia, Transylvania, and even among the negroes of St. Domingo, were all directly due to the conspiracy. _Cf._ Barruel, pp. 205 _et seq._, 255 _et seq._, 260 _et seq._, 271. [569] Barruel’s estimate of Freemasonry was appreciably lower than that of Robison. Its mysteries were to be traced to Manes, and to the introduction of Manichaeism into Europe in the period of Frederich II (1221–1250). Condorcet was appealed to for proof in this connection. _Cf._ Barruel, pp. 399 _et seq._ The general idea that the Freemasons were responsible for the campaign against monarchy and the Catholic religion which, many believed, characterized the greater part of the eighteenth century, had already been made familiar to the French by the ecclesiastics Larudan and Lefranc. _Cf._ Forestier, pp. 684 _et seq._ [570] By the occult lodges Barruel meant those whose members had received the higher mysteries and degrees. _Cf._ Barruel, vol. ii, p. 293. [571] _Ibid._, pp. 276, 277, 278, 279. [572] _Ibid._, pp. 436 _et seq._ [573] _Ibid._, p. 436. [574] _Ibid._, p. 438. [575] _Ibid._, pp. 444 _et seq._ [576] _Ibid._, pp. 455 _et seq._ [577] _Ibid._, pp. 471 _et seq._ _Cf. ibid._, p. 437. [578] “Under the name of ILLUMINES a band of Conspirators had coalesced with the Encyclopedists and Masons, far more dangerous in their tenets, more artful in their plots, and more extensive in their plans of devastation. They more silently prepared the explosions of the Revolutionary volcano, not merely swearing hatred to the Altar of Christ and the Throne of Kings, but swearing at once hatred to every God, to every Law, to every Government, to all society and social compact; and in order to destroy every plea and every foundation of social contract, they proscribed the terms MINE _and_ THINE, acknowledging neither Equality nor Liberty but in the _entire, absolute and universal overthrow of all_ PROPERTY _whatever_.” (Barruel. _op. cit._, p. 478. _Cf._ vol. iii, pp. 17, 22 _et seq._) [579] Barruel attributed little or no success to the efforts which Weishaupt’s associates made to strip him of much of his despotic power. _Cf._ Barruel, ch. xviii.