NEW IDEAS IN INDIA DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY _A Study of Social, Political, and Religious Developments_ BY THE REV. JOHN MORRISON, M.A., D.D. LATE PRINCIPAL, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S INSTITUTION, CHURCH OF SCOTLAND MISSION, CALCUTTA, AND MEMBER OF SENATE OF CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY LONDON MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1907 PREFACE The substance of the following volume was delivered in the form of lectures in the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh during Session 1904-5. As "Alexander Robertson" lecturer in the University of Glasgow, the writer dealt with the new religious ideas that have been impressing themselves upon India during the British period of her history. As "Gunning" lecturer in the University of Edinburgh, the writer dwelt more upon the new social and political ideas. The popular belief of Hindu India is, that there are no new ideas in India, that nought in India suffers change, and that as things are, so they have always been. Even educated Indians are reluctant to admit that things have changed and that their community has had to submit to education and improvement--that suttee, for example, was ever an honoured institution in the province now most advanced. But to the observant student of the Indian people, the _evolution_ of India is almost as noteworthy as the more apparent rigidity. There is a flowering plant common in Northern India, and chiefly notable for the marvel of bearing flowers of different colours upon the same root. The Hindus call it "the sport of Krishna"; Mahomedans, "the flower of Abbas"; for the plant is now incorporate with both the great religions of India, and even with their far-back beginnings. Yet it is a comparatively recent importation into India; it is only the flower known in Britain as "the marvel of Peru," and cannot have been introduced into India more than three hundred years ago. It was then that the Portuguese of India and the Spaniards of Peru were first in touch within the home lands in Europe. In our own day may be seen the potato and the cauliflower from Europe establishing themselves upon the dietary of Hindus in defiance of the punctiliously orthodox. _À fortiori_--strange that we should reason thus from the trifling to the fundamental, yet not strange to the Anglo-Indian and the Indian,--_à fortiori_, we shall not be surprised to find novel and alien ideas taking root in Indian soil.