Transciber's Note Supercripts are denoted with a carat (^). Whole and fractional parts are displayed as 2-1/2. Italic text is displayed as _Text_. NEW THEORIES IN ASTRONOMY BY WILLIAM STIRLING CIVIL ENGINEER [Illustration] London: E. & F. N. SPON, LIMITED, 57 HAYMARKET New York: SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET 1906 TO THE READER. Mr. William Stirling, Civil Engineer, who devoted the last years of his life to writing this work, was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland, his father being the Rev. Robert Stirling, D.D., of that city, and his brothers, the late Mr. Patrick Stirling and Mr. James Stirling, the well known engineers and designers of Locomotive Engines for the Great Northern and South Eastern Railways respectively. After completing his studies in Scotland he settled in South America, and was engaged as manager and constructing engineer in important railway enterprises on the west coast, besides other concerns both in Peru and Chile; his last work being the designing and construction of the railway from the port of Tocopilla on the Pacific Ocean to the Nitrate Fields of Toco in the interior, the property of the Anglo-Chilian and Nitrate Railway Company. He died in Lima, Peru, on the 7th October, 1900, much esteemed and respected, leaving the MS. of the present work behind him, which is now published as a tribute to his memory, and wish to put before those who are interested in the Science of Astronomy his theories to which he devoted so much thought. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER I.