Niebuhr's lectures on Roman history, Vol. 1 (of 3)Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
History
Niebuhr's lectures on Roman history, Vol. 1 (of 3)
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
Rome -- History
Afterwards there appear for once three military tribunes instead of
the consuls. Dionysius says that it had been resolved to satisfy the
_Plebes_ by the institution of military tribunes, three of whom were
to be patricians and three plebeians. But there were only three, one
of whom was a plebeian. Livy foolishly takes them all for patricians;
he thinks that the plebeians had wanted indeed to possess the right,
yet that afterwards they had looked upon themselves as unworthy of
exercising it, and had elected patricians only. He speaks of the
plebeians as if they had been unutterably stupid. This is the confused
notion of a man who with all his genius was, after all, no more than a
rhetorician. What is most likely, is that it was agreed upon to drop
the name of consul altogether, as the two orders were indeed no longer
distinct, and to leave the elections free and open to both parties; but
that in the meanwhile all sorts of artifices were nevertheless employed
to turn the scale in favour of the patricians. In the earlier times,
for instance, the clients of the patricians were not in the tribes;
like the patricians, they had to withdraw when the voting began; and
whoever was not in the tribes, was either not in the centuries at all,
or voted in them only with the craftsmen and the _capite censi_. Yet
from henceforth every mention of cases in which _Plebes_ and clients
were opposed, entirely ceases; and this ought to lead us to observe how
trustworthy our accounts are. Could a forger of a later age have so
accurately discriminated between the positions as implied by the law?
A fabulist is always an unlearned man, and even a learned one would
have made here some mistake. The clients now appear in the tribes,
and therefore in the centuries likewise, as is expressly mentioned,
and as we may also partly see from the circumstances themselves. The
discussions of the Plebes now take quite a different character; they
lose all their violence, the struggle of two hostile masses against
each other, is at once entirely at an end. The checks which the
plebeians meet with in the elections, &c., arise no more from any
resistance from without, but they are from within the body itself.
Whilst formerly the boards of the tribunes showed themselves unanimous,
they are now divided; some of the members are even in the interest of
the senate, and only single tribunes yet make such motions as those
which formerly proceeded from the whole college. These are proofs of
the fusion of the orders having been completed.
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