[209] For the condition of the working classes, and the pauperism of the time, see Defoe’s _Giving Alms no Charity_. [210] In 1713, Dr. Browne, Bishop of Cork, delivered a discourse to the clergy of his diocese, against drinking in remembrance of the dead, which he published in pamphlet form. This was followed by a second pamphlet, wherein he refuted charges that his critics had made, to the effect that he was actuated by a spirit of hostility to the memory of William III., it being well known that the Bishop was an extreme Tory, and he had laid particular stress on the prevalent custom of drinking to the ‘Immortal Memory of William III.’ This again excited considerable adverse criticism; and in 1716 Dr. Browne launched forth a somewhat exhaustive _Discourse of Drinking Healths_. But though he handles his theme very ably, the tract is no more than a concise epitome of the arguments and authorities used by the Puritan writers of the previous century. It has been stated that the bishop did not make many converts by his brochures: that, on the contrary, the custom of drinking to William’s ‘immortal memory’ increased, and that to the original form of the toast was tacked on a scurrilous expression indicative of the extreme contempt in which the author of the diatribes was held.[211] [211] The writer has made use of his own little work entitled _The History of Toasting_. [212] Roger North’s _Life of Lord-Keeper Guildford_. [213] _Parliamentary Report on Drunkenness_, p. 173. [214] _English Commons Journal_, xxii. [215] Selected from the speeches cited in the valuable Prize Essay of Dr. Lees. [216] Selected from the speeches cited in the valuable Prize Essay of Dr. Lees. [217] James Smith: _The Upas in Marybone Lane_. [218] Mrs. Delany’s _Correspondence_, vi. 158 (cited by Lecky). [219] Macaulay’s Essay on _Walpole’s Letters to Sir Horace Mann_. [220] Scott: _Memoirs of Swift_. [221] _A Treatise upon the Modes_, 1715. [222] See Thackeray: _English Humourists_. [223] Robert Druitt, _Report on Cheap Wines_. [224] Roberts, _Social Hist. of Southern Counties_. [225] By Joseph Haslewood. [226] From _The Fortress_, a drama, 1807. [227] Macaulay, _Comic Dramatists of the Restoration_. [228] It may be mentioned that in the _seventeenth century drunkenness was prescribed by some physicians_. ‘Quant au profit qui en peut venir (i.e. drunkenness), outre les diarrhées et renversemens d’estomac qui en procèdent, et qui font souvent de très-utiles purgations (ce qui est en partie cause que quelques médecins prescrivent ces débauches une fois le mois),’ &c. &c. (_Dialogue par o. Tubero_ [_i.e._ Mothe Le Vayer], édit. Francfort, 1716, 12mo, tome ii. p. 158.) [229] Lees. _Prize Essay._ [230] Huish, _Memoirs of George IV._ [231] _Ib._ [232] Dr. Dawson Burns. [233] Dawson Burns. [234] This account is taken from Lees, _Prize Essay_. [235] Lees, _Prize Essay_. [236] Winskill. _Temp. Reformation._ [237] Samuelson. _Hist. of Drink._