By James Freeman Clarke, D.D. TEN GREAT RELIGIONS. Part I. An Essay in Comparative Theology. New _Popular Edition_. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. TEN GREAT RELIGIONS. Part II. Comparison of all Religions. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. COMMON SENSE IN RELIGION. Crown 8vo, $2.00. MEMORIAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Crown 8vo, $2.00. EVERY-DAY RELIGION. Crown 8vo, $1.50. EVENTS AND EPOCHS IN RELIGIOUS HISTORY. With Maps and Illustrations. Crown 8vo, $2.00. THE IDEAS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. Translated into their Modern Equivalents. Crown 8vo, $1.50. SELF-CULTURE: Physical, Intellectual, Moral, and Spiritual. Crown 8vo, $1.50. NINETEENTH CENTURY QUESTIONS. Crown 8vo, $1.50. EXOTICS. Poems translated from the French, German, and Italian, by J. F. C. and L. C. 18mo, $1.00. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY, BOSTON AND NEW YORK. NINETEENTH CENTURY QUESTIONS BY JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE [Illustration] BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY The Riverside Press, Cambridge 1897. COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY ELIOT C. CLARKE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFATORY NOTE Shortly before his death, Dr. Clarke selected the material for this book, and partly prepared it for publication. He wished thus to preserve some of his papers which had excited interest when printed in periodicals or read as lectures. With slight exceptions, the book is issued just as prepared by the author. CONTENTS PAGE LITERARY STUDIES. LYRIC AND DRAMATIC ELEMENTS IN LITERATURE AND ART 3 DUALISM IN NATIONAL LIFE 28 DID SHAKESPEARE WRITE BACON'S WORKS? 38 THE EVOLUTION OF A GREAT POEM: GRAY'S ELEGY 60 RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL. AFFINITIES OF BUDDHISM AND CHRISTIANITY 71 WHY I AM NOT A FREE-RELIGIONIST 90 HAVE ANIMALS SOULS? 100 APROPOS OF TYNDALL 128 LAW AND DESIGN IN NATURE 149 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. THE TWO CARLYLES, OR CARLYLE PAST AND PRESENT 162 BUCKLE AND HIS THEORY OF AVERAGES 196 VOLTAIRE 235 RALPH WALDO EMERSON 270 HARRIET MARTINEAU 284 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE SLAVE POWER IN AMERICA 312 LITERARY STUDIES LYRIC AND DRAMATIC ELEMENTS IN LITERATURE AND ART The German philosophy has made a distinction between the Subjective and the Objective, which has been found so convenient that it has been already naturalized and is almost acclimated in our literature.