nitrogenous fertilizers and cultivation, or, if necessary, by root pruning. Root pruning should not be too severe as a sudden check on the growth in the growing season might interfere more or less with the storing up of "starch" or "dormant plant food" in the scion. Any condition or conditions that will serve to induce early maturing and ripening of the wood growth on trees from which buds are to be taken will be satisfactory, and by using nitrogenous fertilizers and liberal cultivation on the stocks to be budded, they may be kept in good condition of sap well into September in average seasons. Grafted at the proper time we were able to get good results without any manipulation of the seedling stocks. All that we ever did there was to remove the new growth occasionally to hold the stocks in good condition for grafting and prolong the grafting season, and it was always questionable whether this was a necessary precaution. My idea in keeping the new growth off the stocks till the grafts were set was not to control the sap flow, but to prevent, if it were possible by this means, the exhaustion of the stored up "starch" in the stock, by the new growth. In the northern states, the sap in the walnut stocks, and perhaps to some extent in other nut tree stocks, is inclined to come up in the spring with a rush. Some seasons at least, even before the buds push into growth, when the stocks are cut off for grafting a large number "bleed" or run sap very freely and this may continue several days, flooding and injuring the scion, and exhausting the vitality of the stock. This condition was especially noticeable the past spring, due presumably, to the lateness of the growing season. Making provision for the exit of the surplus sap was usually sufficient in the lower south and, we believed, would be farther north, but with the stronger flow of sap this is not sufficient in the northern states, at least some seasons. An examination of grafts, set on stocks which have bled freely after having been grafted, shows that the stock callouses very slowly, if at all, and the scion, unless it be of very heavy, solid wood, becomes dark colored and sour and the wood soon dies in the cleft, although the scion above this point may remain green for weeks. I am not able, at this time, to give any specific remedy for the correction of this trouble for the reason that I have not worked it out to my own satisfaction as yet, but now that we understand the trouble better, I feel sure that we will be able to correct it in the manipulation of the stocks before they are grafted. Keeping the new growth off the stocks may be found to be sufficient in most seasons, if the grafting is done rather late, but I am of the opinion that a rather severe cutting back of the stocks a few days before they are grafted, if the grafting is done early, will be found the best practice. For later grafting, my opinion is that two or three cuttings, say a week apart, will be better.