Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop of St. Asaph, was buried in a churchyard, although, from his having generously repaired and endowed his cathedral, he might be considered to have a claim of interment within its walls; and Baldwin, the great civilian, severely censures this indecent liberty, and questions whether he shall call it a superstition or an impudent ambition. Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first who made vaults under the chancel, and even under the altar, when he rebuilt the choir of Canterbury, about 1075.[3] "The Irish long retained an attachment to their ancient customs and pagan superstitions; and the custom of burying in consecrated ground was not universal in Ireland in the twelfth century on the arrival of the English, as we find it enjoined in the Council of Cashel, held in 1172, mentioned by Cambrensis. A short time since some small earthen tumuli were opened on the Curragh of Kildare, under which skeletons were found standing upright on their feet, and in their hands, or near them, spears with iron heads. The custom of placing their dead erect was general among all the northern nations, and is still retained in Lapland and some parts of Norway; and the natives of North America bury their dead sitting in holes in the ground, and cover them with a mound of earth."--_Transactions of the R. Irish Academy_, vol. iii. A Query I proposed (Vol. ii., p. 187.) in reference to the Trogloditæ never having been answered, I shall, perhaps, be allowed to use this opportunity myself to furnish an apposite and explanatory quotation, viz.-- "Troglodytæ mortui cervicem pedibus alligabant et _raptim cum risu et jocis efferebant_, nullaque loci habita cura mandabant terræ; ac ad caput cornu caprinum affigebant."--Coelii Rhodigini, _Lectiones Antiquæ_, p. 792. I shall conclude with the _rationale_ of the erect posture, as illustrated by Staveley in his _History of Churches in England_: "It is storied to be a custom among the people of Megara in Greece, to be buried with their faces downwards; Diogenes gave this reason why he should be buried after the same way, that seeing all things were (according to his opinion) to be turned upside down in succeeding times, he, by this posture, would at last be found with his _face upwards, and looking towards heaven_." BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. [Footnote 1: Cole's MSS. vol. iv. p. 100.] [Footnote 2: The Assembly at Edinburgh, in 1588, prohibited the burying in kirks.] [Footnote 3: Cole's MSS., vol. iv.] In _Much Ado about Nothing_, Act III. Sc. 2., Don Pedro says: "She shall be buried with her face upwards." Theobald, Johnson, and Steevens have left notes upon this line. The following passage is part of Steevens' note: