Ray, in his _Gloss. Northanymbr._, has "unlead, nomen opprobrii;" but he
gives a false derivation: Grose, in his _Provincial Glossary_, "unleed
or unlead, a general name for any crawling venomous creature, as a toad,
&c. It is sometimes ascribed to a man, and then it denotes a sly wicked
fellow, that in a manner creeps to do mischief. See Mr. Nicholson's
Catalogue."
In the 2d edition of Mr. Brockett's _Glossary_, we have: "Unletes,
displacers or destroyers of the farmer's produce."
This provincial preservation of a word of such rare occurrence in
Anglo-Saxon, and of which no example has yet been found in old English,
is a remarkable circumstance. The word has evidently signified, like the
Gothic, in the first place _poor_; then _wretched_, _miserable_; and
hence, perhaps, its opprobrious sense of _mischievous_ or _wicked_.
"In those rude times when wealth or movable property consisted
almost entirely of living money, in which debts were contracted
and paid, and for which land was given in mortgage or sold; it
is quite certain that the serfs were transferred with the land,
the lord considering them as so much live-stock, or part of his
_chattels_."
A vestige of this feeling with regard to dependants remains in the use
of the word _Man_ (which formerly had the same sense as _lede_). We
still speak of "a general and his men," and use the expression "our
men." But, happily for the masses of mankind, few vestiges of serfdom
and slavery, and those in a mitigated form, now virtually exist.
S.W. SINGER.
April 16. 1850.
[Footnote 1: It occurs many times in the Moeso-Gothic version of
the Gospels for [Greek: ptochos]. From the Glossaries, it
appears that iungalauths is used three times for [Greek:
neaniskos], a young man; therefore lauths or lauds would signify
simply _man_; and the plural, laudeis, would be _people_. See
this established by the analogy of vairths, or O.H.G. virahi,
also signifying people. Grimm's _Deutsche Gram._ iii. 472.,
note. "Es konnte zwar _unlêds_ (pauper) aber auch _unlêths_
heissen."--_D. Gr._ 225.]
[Footnote 2: Sir F. Palgrave has given this extract in the
Appendix to his _Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth_,
p. ccccvii., where, by an error of the press, or of
transcription, the word stands _lich_. It may be as well to
remark, that the corresponding word in Latin formulas of the
same kind is "catallis," _i.e. chattels_. A passage in Havelok,
v. 2515., will clearly demonstrate that _lith_ was at least one
kind of _chattel_, and equivalent to _fe_ (fee).
"Thanne he was ded that Sathanas
Sket was seysed al that his was,
In the King's hand il del,
_Lond_ and _lith_, and other _catel_,
And the King ful sone it yaf
Ubbe in the hond with a fayr staf,
And seyde, 'Her ich sayse the
In al the _lond_ in al the _fe_.'"]
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