My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign Office for kindly permitting me to copy the documents relating to Palestine, which will be found appended to Chapter IV, and to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good enough to relieve me of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I have also to thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in preparing the Index. L. W. GRAY'S INN, LONDON. _December 1918._ CONTENTS. PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY 1 II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY 6 (_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-1745) 7 DOCUMENTS-- Petition to King George II, 1744 7 Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744 9 The Decree of the Empress, 1744 10 Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744 11 (_b_) THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) 12 DOCUMENTS-- List from Klüber 14 Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815 14 (_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) 15 DOCUMENT-- Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818 16 (_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830) 17 DOCUMENT-- Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830 17 (_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858) 18 DOCUMENTS-- Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856 21 Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856 21 Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856 23 Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858 23 (_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878) 23 DOCUMENTS-- Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878 25 Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878 33 Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879 34 Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880 35 (_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902) 36 DOCUMENTS-- Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens, July 17, 1902 38 American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902 44 Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902 44