Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed. Words printed in italics are noted with underscores: _italics_. Notes on the Fenland by T. McKENNY HUGHES, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.S.A. Woodwardian Professor of Geology with A Description of the Shippea Man by ALEXANDER MACALISTER, M.A., F.R.S., M.D., Sc.D. Professor of Anatomy Cambridge: at the University Press 1916 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGER London: FETTER LANE, E.C. Edinburgh: 100 PRINCES STREET New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombay, Calcutta and Madras: MACMILLAN AND Co., Ltd. Toronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS, Ltd. Tokyo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA _All rights reserved_ CONTENTS PAGE GEOGRAPHY OF THE FENLAND 1 SUBSIDENCE OF THE VALLEY OF THE CAM 2 TURBIFEROUS AND ARENIFEROUS SERIES 3 ABSENCE OF ELEPHANT AND RHINOCEROS IN TURBIFEROUS SERIES 6 ABSENCE OF PEAT IN ARENIFEROUS SERIES 6 FEN BEDS NOT ALL PEAT 7 SECTIONS IN ALLUVIUM 7 PEAT; TREES ETC.: TARN AND HILL PEAT; SPONGY PEAT AND FLOATING ISLANDS; BOG-OAK AND BOG-IRON 13 MARL: SHELL MARL AND PRECIPITATED MARL 17 THE WASH: COCKLE BEDS (Heacham): BUTTERY CLAY (Littleport) 18 LITTLEPORT DISTRICT 18 BUTTERY CLAY 19 THE AGE OF THE FEN BEDS 20 PALAEONTOLOGY OF FENS 20 BIRDS 25 MAN 27 DESCRIPTION OF THE SHIPPEA MAN BY PROF. A. MACALISTER 30 GEOGRAPHY OF THE FENLAND. The Fenland is a buried basin behind a breached barrier. It is the "drowned" lower end of a valley system in which glacial, marine, estuarine, fluviatile, and subaerial deposits have gradually accumulated, while the area has been intermittently depressed until much of the Fenland is now many feet below high water in the adjoining seas. The history of the denudation which produced the large geographical features upon which the character of the Fenland depends needs no long discussion, as there are numerous other districts where different stages of the same action can be observed.