CAPILLARIES.--The small arteries terminate in a system of minute
vessels--the capillaries--which are interposed between the termination
of the arteries and the commencement of the veins, forming plexuses
(network) which vary much in arrangement. Their average diameter is
about 2/1000ths of an inch, varying in different construction of the
organs, smallest in the brain and mucous membrane of the intestines,
larger in the skin, in glands, and the interior of bones. All arteries
do not terminate in capillaries, an exception being in erectile
tissue of the penis, where arteries end in cells or cavities placed
at the origin of the veins. As the blood passes slowly through these
capillaries, the nourishment is absorbed from it through their very
thin walls to supply the tissues of the body. When the blood passes
through this capillary network it again enters into large vessels
called the veins, which carry it on its way back to the heart.
COURSE OF THE BLOOD.--We have seen that the heart is divided into a
right or venous, and a left or arterial portion. The blood is pumped
by the heart to all parts of the body, through the arteries, passing
through the capillary system, where it parts with its nourishment, is
collected and returned to the heart by the veins, is again pumped by
the heart to the lungs, where it is purified and returned to the heart
to again commence the circuit as before.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.--The lymphatic or absorbent system is closely
connected with the blood-vascular system, and is made up of very fine
minute tubes and glands. These convey from the tissues of the body a
clear fluid known as lymph, and pours it into the blood of the veins as
it is on its way back to the heart. These glands are found all through
the body; for instance, there is a large group inside the thigh or
stifle joint of the horse, and another large group inside the shoulder.
It is important to note these, as they sometimes become inflamed and
the leg is swollen. They are then the seat of the disease called weed
in the leg, or lymphangitis.
[Illustration: PLATE VI.
_1. Brain._
_2. Spinal cord._
_3. Brachial plexus._
_4. Sacrolumbar plexus._
_5. Pneumogastric._
_6. Sciatic._
_7. Sympathetic System._
_8. Solar plexus._
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF A HORSE--AFTER MEGNIN.]
CHAPTER VI.
NEUROLOGY.
This illustration shows where the brain, spinal canal and the principal
nerves of the horse are located.
STUDY OF THE NERVES.--The nervous system is a very important set of
organs controlling the motion of the various members of the body and
supplying the different senses of feeling, seeing, hearing, smelling
and tasting. The two principal organs of the nervous system are the
brain and spinal cord.
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