Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciences — John Shaqi
Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciencesWhewell, William
Philosophy
Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciences
Whewell, William
Science -- Philosophy
Fact _and_ Theory _correspond to Sense on the one hand, and to Ideas
on the other, so far as we are_ conscious _of our Ideas: but all facts
involve ideas_ unconsciously; _and thus the distinction of Facts and
Theories is not tenable, as that of Sense and Ideas is._ (I. 2.)
VI.
_Sensations and Ideas in our knowledge are like Matter and Form in
bodies. Matter cannot exist without Form, nor Form without Matter:
yet the two are altogether distinct and opposite. There is no
possibility either of separating, or of confounding them. The same
is the case with Sensations and Ideas._ (I. 2.)
VII.
_Ideas are not_ trans_formed, but_ in_formed Sensations; for without
ideas, sensations have no form._ (I. 2.)
VIII.
_The Sensations are the_ Objective, _the Ideas the_ Subjective _part
of every act of perception or knowledge._ (I. 2.)
IX.
_General Terms denote_ Ideal Conceptions, _as a_ circle, _an_ orbit,
_a_ rose. _These are not_ Images _of real things, as was held by the
Realists, but Conceptions: yet they are conceptions, not bound
together by mere_ Name, _as the Nominalists held, but by an Idea._
(I. 2.)
X.
_It has been said by some, that all Conceptions are merely_ states
_or_ feelings of the mind, _but this assertion only tends to
confound what it is our business to distinguish._ (I. 2.)
XI.
_Observed Facts are connected so as to produce new truths, by
superinducing upon them an Idea: and such truths are obtained_ by
Induction. (I. 2.) {7}
XII.
_Truths once obtained by legitimate Induction are Facts: these Facts
may be again connected, so as to produce higher truths: and thus we
advance to_ Successive Generalizations. (I. 2.)
XIII.
_Truths obtained by Induction are made compact and permanent by
being expressed in_ Technical Terms. (I. 3.)
XIV.
_Experience cannot conduct us to universal and necessary
truths:--Not to universal, because she has not tried all cases:--Not
to necessary, because necessity is not a matter to which experience
can testify._ (I. 5.)
XV.
_Necessary truths derive their necessity from the_ Ideas _which they
involve; and the existence of necessary truths proves the existence
of Ideas not generated by experience._ (I. 5.)
XVI.
_In Deductive Reasoning, we cannot have any truth in the conclusion
which is not virtually contained in the premises._ (I. 6.)
XVII.
_In order to acquire any exact and solid knowledge, the student must
possess with perfect precision the ideas appropriate to that part of
knowledge: and this precision is tested by the student's_ perceiving
_the axiomatic evidence of the_ axioms _belonging to each_
Fundamental Idea. (I. 6.)
XVIII.
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