Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciencesWhewell, William
Philosophy
Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciences
Whewell, William
Science -- Philosophy
[Note 18\3: _Hist. Sc. Ideas,_ b. viii. c. ii. sect. 3.]
14. But it may be asked, if we cannot define a {176} word, or a
class of things which a word denotes, how can we distinguish what it
does mean from what it does not mean? How can we say that it
signifies one thing rather than another, except we declare what is
its signification?
The answer to this question involves the general principle of a
natural method of classification, which has already been
stated[19\3] and need not here be again dwelt on. It has been shown
that names of _kinds_ of things (_genera_) associate them according
to total resemblances, not partial characters. The principle which
connects a group of objects in natural history is not a
_definition_, but a _type_. Thus we take as the type of the Rose
family, it may be, the common _wild rose_; all species which
resemble this flower more than they resemble any other group of
species are also _roses_, and form one _genus_. All genera which
resemble Roses more than they resemble any other group of genera are
of the same _family_. And thus the Rose family is collected about
some one species, which is the type or central point of the group.
[Note 19\3: _Hist. Sc. Ideas,_ b. viii. c. ii. sect. 3.]
In such an arrangement, it may readily be conceived that though the
nucleus of each group may cohere firmly together, the outskirts of
contiguous groups may approach, and may even be intermingled, so
that some species may doubtfully adhere to one group or another. Yet
this uncertainty does not at all affect the truths which we find
ourselves enabled to assert with regard to the general mass of each
group. And thus we are taught that there may be very important
differences between two groups of objects, although we are unable to
tell where the one group ends and where the other begins; and that
there may be propositions of indisputable truth, in which it is
impossible to give unexceptionable definitions of the terms
employed.
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