Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciencesWhewell, William
Philosophy
Novum organon renovatum: Being the second part of the philosophy of the inductive sciences
Whewell, William
Science -- Philosophy
Our examination of the history of science has led us to a view very
different from that which represents it as consisting in the
succession of hostile opinions. It is, on the contrary, a progress,
in which each step is recognized and employed in the succeeding one.
Every theory, so far as it is true, (and all that have prevailed
extensively and long, contain a large portion of truth,) is taken up
into the theory which succeeds and seems to expel it. All the
narrower inductions of the first are included in the more
comprehensive generalizations of the second. And this is performed
mainly by means of such terms as we are now considering;--terms
involving the previous theory. It is by means of such terms, that
the truths at first ascertained become so familiar and manageable,
that they can be employed as elementary facts in the formation of
higher inductions.
These principles must be applied also, though with great caution,
and in a temperate manner, even to descriptive language. Thus the
mode of describing the forms of crystals adopted by Werner and Romé
de l'Isle was to consider an original form, from which other forms
are derived by _truncations_ of the edges and the {300} angles.
Haüy's method of describing the same forms, was to consider them as
built up of rows of small solids, the angles being determined by the
_decrements_ of these rows. Both these methods of description
involve hypothetical views; and the last was intended to rest on a
true physical theory of the constitution of crystals. Both
hypotheses are doubtful or false: yet both these methods are good as
modes of description: nor is Haüy's terminology vitiated, if we
suppose (as in fact we must suppose in many instances,) that
crystalline bodies are not really made up of such small solids. The
mode of describing an octahedron of fluor spar, as derived from the
cube, by decrements of one row on all the edges, would still be
proper and useful as a description, whatever judgment we should form
of the material structure of the body. But then, we must consider
the solids which are thus introduced into the description as merely
hypothetical geometrical forms, serving to determine the angles of
the faces. It is in this way alone that Haüy's nomenclature can now
be retained.
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