4. (_a._) Abstract substantives can easily be formed from adjectives: from electric we have _electricity_; from galvanic, _galvanism_; from organic, _organization_; _velocity_, _levity_, _gravity_, are borrowed from Latin adjectives. _Caloric_ is familiarly used for the matter of heat, though the form of the word is not supported by any obvious analogy. (_b._) It is intolerable to have words regularly formed, in opposition to the analogy which their meaning offers; as when bodies are said to have conduct_ibility_ or conduc_ibility_ with regard to heat. The bodies are conduct_ive_, and their property is conduct_ivity_. (_c._) The terminations _ize_ (rather than _ise_), _ism_, and _ist_, are applied to words of all origins: thus we have to {338} _pulverize_, to _colonize_, _Witticism_, _Heathenism_, _Journalist_, _Tobacconist_. Hence we may make such words when they are wanted. As we cannot use _physician_ for a cultivator of physics, I have called him a _Physicist_. We need very much a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should incline to call him a _Scientist_. Thus we might say, that as an Artist is a Musician, Painter, or Poet, a Scientist is a Mathematician, Physicist, or Naturalist. (_d._) Connected with verbs in _ize_, we have abstract nouns in _ization_, as _polarization_, _crystallization_. These it appears proper to spell in English with _z_ rather than _s_; governing our practice by the Greek verbal termination ίζω which we imitate. But we must observe that verbs and substantives in _yse_, (_analyse_), belong to a different analogy, giving an abstract noun in _ysis_ and an adjective _ytic_ or _ytical_; (_analysis_, _analytic_, _analytical_). Hence _electrolyse_ is more proper than _electrolyze_. (_e._) The names of many sciences end in _ics_ after the analogy of _Mathematics_, _Metaphysics_; as _Optics_, _Mechanics_. But these, in most other languages, as in our own formerly, have the singular form _Optice_, _l'Optique_, _Optik_, _Optick_: and though we now write _Optics_, we make such words of the singular number: 'Newton's Opticks is an example.' As, however, this connexion in new words is startling, as when we say 'Thermo-electrics is now much cultivated,' it appears better to employ the singular form, after the analogy of _Logic_ and _Rhetoric_, when we have words to construct. Hence we may call the science of languages _Linguistic_, as it is called by the best German writers, for instance, William Von Humboldt.