Obstetrics for NursesReed, Charles B. (Charles Bert)
Science
Obstetrics for Nurses
Reed, Charles B. (Charles Bert)
Maternity nursing
=Abderhalden’s test= is a serum reaction based on the well established
principle that the introduction into the blood of an organic foreign
substance leads to the formation of a ferment to destroy it.
Abderhalden’s plan was to discover whether the blood of a pregnant woman
contained a ferment capable of destroying placental protein. It is a
very complicated test, and subject to many inaccuracies and numerous
sources of error. At the same time, the main features of this reaction
have been confirmed, and when it is worked out, it will be of immense
value not alone in early uterine pregnancies, but in extrauterine
pregnancy. This view very properly demands that pregnancy be regarded as
a parasitic disease. It is practicable as early as the sixth week to
make a diagnosis, and it only fails in possibly ten per cent of the
cases. The negative test is equally definite as eliminating pregnancy.
=Sixteenth Week.=—Morning sickness and urinary symptoms have disappeared
but amenorrhœa remains. Enlargement of the breasts is noticeable, as
well as the increased pigmentation. The uterus begins to rise above the
symphysis as an elastic, somewhat ill-defined, boggy mass. The cervix is
softer. The characteristic dull lavender coloration of the vulvar mucous
membrane is now evident. It is due to the congestion and is called
Jacquemins’ sign.
=Two New Signs.=—Irregular, painless contractions of the uterus (Braxton
Hicks’ sign), and ballottement.
The contractions of Braxton Hicks now become more easily palpable.
Ballottement consists in the detection in the uterus of a movable solid
body surrounded by fluid. In a standing position, the fœtus rests in the
lower part of the uterus, just above the cervix. The woman stands with
one foot on a low stool, and two fingers of one hand are pushed into the
vagina until they touch the cervix, the other hand is placed on the
fundus. A smart upward blow by the internal hand is transmitted to the
fœtus, and it can be felt to leave the cervix, strike lightly the
tissues underneath the external hand, and return to the cervix. It is
simulated by so few things, and so rarely, that in practice it must be
regarded as a positive sign.
During the second half, the subjective symptoms are of minor importance
since unmistakable evidence is furnished by the physical signs. The
symptoms of this period are mostly discomforts. Increased intraabdominal
pressure brings on edema of the feet, cramps in the legs, varicose veins
of the legs and vulva, dyspnœa, and palpitations.
=Twenty-sixth Week.=—About the twenty-sixth week, or, at the end of the
sixth calendar month, the hypertrophy of the breasts, the presence of
secretion, and the marked pigmentation are unmistakable. The abdominal
protrusion is now clearly visible, and the fundus will be found at the
level of the upper border of the umbilicus.
Spontaneous fœtal movements appear and may be felt by the palpating
hand.
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