CHAPTER III.--The Flood and the Building of the Ark--The Arguments of Infidelity against a Universal Deluge--The Material of which the Ark was built--Its Capacity, Dimensions, and Form--Its Proportions copied in Modern Ocean-Steamers 36 CHAPTER IV.--The Ships, Commerce, and Navigation of the Phoenicians--Their Trade with Ophir--Sidon and Tyre--Their Voyage round Africa--New Tyre--A Patriotic Phoenician Captain--The Egyptians as a Maritime People--Their Ships and Commerce--The Jews--Their Geography--Ideas upon the Shape of the Earth--The World as known to the Hebrews 46 CHAPTER V.--The Early Maritime History of the Greeks--The Expedition of the Argonauts--The Vessels used in the Trojan War--Ship-Building in the Time of Homer--The Poetic Geography of the Greeks--The Palace of the Sun--The Marvels of a Voyage out of Sight of Land--The Geography of Hesiod--Of Anaximander--Of Thales, Herodotus, Socrates, and Eratosthenes--The Great Ocean is named the Atlantic 54 CHAPTER VI.--Construction of Greek Vessels--The Prow, Poop, Rudder, Oars, Masts, Sails, Cordage, Bulwarks, Anchors--Biremes, Triremes, Quadriremes, Quinqueremes--The Grand Galley of Ptolemy Philopator--Roman Vessels--Their Navy--Mimic Sea-Fights--The Five Voyages of Antiquity 65 CHAPTER VII.--The Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian--He sees Crocodiles, Apes, and Volcanoes--The Voyage of Himilcon to Al-Bion--The Voyage and Ignominious Fate of Sataspes the Persian--The Voyage of Pytheas the Phocian--The Sacred Promontory--A New Atmosphere--Amber--Return Home--The Veracity of Pytheas' Narrative--The Expedition of Nearchus the Macedonian--Strange Phenomena in the Heavens--The Icthyophagi--Houses built of the Bones of Whales--Fish Flour--A Battle with Whales--An Unexpected Meeting--The Distance traversed by Nearchus--The Voyage of Eudoxus along the African Coast--State of Navigation at the Opening of the Christian Era 75 SECTION II. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO THE APPLICATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE TO EUROPEAN NAVIGATION, A.D. 1300. CHAPTER VIII.--Navigation during the Roman Empire--The Rise of Venice and Genoa--The Crusades--Their Effect upon Commerce--Wedding of the Adriatic--Creation of the French Navy--Introduction of Eastern Art into Europe--Maps of the Middle Ages--Remote Effect of the Crusades upon Geographical Science 92