[Sidenote: GERMAN ILLUSTRATION.] A good idea of the general character of the development of the wood (and metal) cut in book and illustration and decoration in Germany, from 1470 (Leiden Christi, Pfister, Bamberg, 1470) to (Virgil Solis' Bible) 1563, may be gained from a study of the series of reproductions given in this and the preceding chapter, in chronological order, with the names, dates, and places, as well as the particular characteristics of the style of the different designers and printers. [Illustration: GERMAN SCHOOL. XVTH CENTURY. "DAS BUCH UND LEBEN DES HOCHBERÜHMTEN FABELDICHTERS ÆSOPI." (ULM, 1498.[1])] [1] This is the date of the copy from which the illustration is reproduced. The first edition of the book was, however, probably issued about 1480. [Sidenote: ITALIAN ILLUSTRATIONS.] The same may be said in regard to the Italian series which follows, and those from Basel and Paris. [Illustration: ITALIAN SCHOOL. XVTH CENTURY. DE CLARIS MULIERIBUS. (FERRARA, 1497.)] Perhaps the most interesting examples of the use of early printing as a substitute for illumination and miniature are to be found in the Books of Hours which were produced at Paris in the later years of the fifteenth and the early years of the sixteenth centuries (1487-1519 about) by Vérard, Du Pré, Philip Pigouchet, Kerver, and Hardouyn. Specimens of these books may be seen in the British Museum, and at the Art Library at South Kensington Museum. The originals are mostly printed on vellum. [Illustration: ITALIAN SCHOOL. XVTH CENTURY. TUPPO'S ÆSOP. (NAPLES, 1485.)] [Sidenote: BORDERS AND ORNAMENTS.]