Between the thyroid gland and the ovaries, a close relationship also exists. Thus, invariably, when we find the thyroid altered, we can also see changes in the ovaries. Consequently in myxœdema and Graves’s disease we find, with great frequency, disturbances in the functions of the ovaries, e.g., cessation of the menses, or disorders of menstruation. In such conditions the ovaries have often been found to be atrophied. We also frequently find such disturbances in acromegaly, where they may either be due to changes in the pituitary, associated with an altered condition of the ovaries, or they may be ascribed directly to changes in the thyroid which, as we have shown in a communication to the International Congress in Madrid, 1903, is very often altered in acromegaly. If microscopically examined it is probably found changed in every case. Indeed, we have attributed acromegaly to the primary changes in the thyroid which lead only secondarily to those in the pituitary body. In diabetes, which disease, according to our investigations, is often caused by changes in the thyroid,[18] and subsequently in the pancreas, or _vice versâ_, amenorrhea or impotency is frequently met with. Footnote 18: Lorand: “Die Entstehung der Zuckerkrankheit und ihre Beziehungen zu den Veränderungen der Blutgefässdrüsen,” Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1903, and French Translation, Maloine, Paris, 1904. On the other hand, changes in the ovaries are also, as a rule, followed by changes in the thyroid gland, as may be seen in puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, lactation, and the climacteric. We will enlarge upon this later, in greater detail, but we will only briefly mention here that we may frequently see a swelling of the thyroid gland as an expression of increased activity during these conditions. We can also see this in diseases of the ovaries, and, as certain authors show, even sexual excesses can produce an altered state of the thyroid. This was known to the ancient Hebrews, for they used to examine the neck of the newly-married bride the morning following the wedding night to see if the neck had become larger by the swelling of the thyroid gland. Thus we can readily understand that, frequently, swelling of the thyroid is the consequence of overwork of this organ, and, as in the case of great sexual excesses or frequent pregnancies, may lead to exhaustion of the gland with its grave clinical consequences.