Christian antiquities -- Great Britain; Folklore -- Great Britain; Great Britain -- Social life and customs; Manners and customs
It may not be without interest to give some details of two important north
country sanctuaries, Durham and Beverley. On the north door of the
Cathedral of Durham is a ponderous bronze knocker, of which we give a
drawing. It will be noticed that the knocker is in the form of a ring
held between the teeth of a monster's head. The person claiming sanctuary
raised the ring of the knocker, and sounded it to obtain admission to the
church, where, for a time, he felt safe out of the reach of his avengers.
In the sacred building two men were on duty night and day, ever ready to
quickly open the door. A bell was next tolled to make known the fact that
a man had taken sanctuary. When a refugee sought protection an early
intimation was made to the prior, who gave injunctions that he was to keep
within the limits of the churchyard, which formed the bounds of the Durham
sanctuary. In presence of a witness, a detailed account had to be given of
the crime committed, dates, names of persons, places, etc., had to be
given, and they were carefully noted. In cases of murder and manslaughter,
the weapon employed had to be mentioned. A gown of black cloth, having on
its left shoulder a cross, known as "the cross of St. Cuthbert," was given
him to wear. The badge was, we are told, "to the intent that every one
might see that there was such a freelige granted by God unto St.
Cuthbert's shrine, for every such offender to flee for succour and
safeguard of their lives." The refugee at Durham was allowed the right of
sanctuary for thirty-seven days, and provided with food and drink and
bedding at the expense of the convent. If within that time he failed to
make peace with his adversaries, he had to abjure the realm. He lost his
property by this proceeding, but saved his life, or evaded some barbarous
form of punishment which often resulted in mutilation of a most painful
character.
The Surtees Society, on the 7th December, 1836, resolved to print the
Records of the Sanctuaries of Durham and Beverley, and shortly afterwards
the work was issued. The Durham notices are reproduced from the ordinary
Registers of the Cathedral, and extends from 1464 to 1524. The following
shows the number of crimes, and the calling of the men taking refuge:--
Murder and Homicide.--Crimes, 195. Persons implicated, 283. Trades of
fugitives:--Husbandmen, 8; Labourers, 4; Yeomen, 4; Gentlemen, 4;
Ecclesiastics, 3; Merchants, 2; Tailor, 1; Plumber, 1; Carpenter, 1;
Tanner, 1; Baxster, 1; Glover, 1; Sailor, 1; Apprentice, 1; Under-Bailiff,
1; Servant, 1; Knight, 1 (an accessory). The occupations of the remainder
are not mentioned. Debt, 16. Of these--Shermane, 1; Horslibber, 1;
Merchant, 1; Flesher, 1. Horse-stealing, 4. Of these--Yeoman, 1.
Cattle-stealing, 9. Escaping from Prison, 4. Of these--Shoemaker, 1.
Housebreaking, 4. Rape, 1. Theft, 7. Of these--Yeoman, 1; Ecclesiastic, 1;
Goldsmith, 1. Backward in his accounts, 1. For harbouring a thief, 1. For
failing to prosecute, 1.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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