Later on, under the learned influences of Alexandria and the paid
professoriate of Roman days, subjects multiplied with the decline of
mental vigor and spontaneity of the age, and children began to be
pestered, as they now are, with a quantity of subjects, all thought
necessary to a proper education, and accordingly all imperfectly
acquired. This was called the _encyclical education_, which is
preserved in our _encyclopædia_ of knowledge. It included (1) grammar,
(2) rhetoric, (3) dialectic, (4) arithmetic, (5) music, (6) geometry,
(7) astronomy, and these were divided into the earlier _Trivium_ and
the later _Quadrivium_. But fortunately this debasement of classical
education is far beyond our present scope.
§ 33. The boys started very early for school, attended by their
pædagogue, and appear to have returned for late breakfast. We may
conclude from the Roman custom, though we have no positive evidence,
that the afternoons were devoted to recreation or the lighter gymnastic
exercises. The later theorists speak much of pauses and of variation
in study; but though we know there were a good many isolated holidays,
we hear of no period of rest for both masters and boys, such as there
must have been in the Roman dog-days. There is something humane and
affecting in the dying bequest of Anaxagoras, who gave his native
city, Clazomenæ, a property on the condition that the anniversary of
his death should be kept as a general school holiday. There were also
special days of school feasts, such as the _Hermæa_ and _Museia_, so
elegantly described at the opening of Plato’s “Lysis.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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