But there was a stronger reason for a woman’s chastity. Only a pure
woman could make a vow to the Sun for the recovery of any of her family
who were ill and give the Sun Dance in their behalf. Death was believed
to be the penalty of a woman who vowed falsely. If a mother was not
chaste she could not make the vow to save the life of one of her
children that was dying. Besides it was a great honor for a woman to
give a Sun Dance; she stood for what was best in Indian life; she had
the respect and veneration of the entire tribe; none stood higher than
she. Parents pointed to her as an example to their children; like her,
they should live straight and be honored by all the people.
A man might have any number of wives, but no woman was expected to have
more than one husband. Economic conditions regulated the number of
wives. A man who was poor could have only one. A chief might have two
or more, because he was expected to be generous and open-handed, ready
at all times to share his food supply. He had to be hospitable and
entertain friends, relatives, and strangers; as there were no servants,
he needed more than one wife.
It was considered desirable for a girl to marry a chief with a number
of wives; if she married a poor man who could afford only one wife, her
life would be filled with drudgery and hard work. Prominent men
sometimes had as many as five wives. But the first was his real or head
wife. He cared more for her, and she sat beside him in his lodge. She
took the woman’s part in his ceremonies and looked after his sacred
bundles. When he traveled, he expected his first wife to go with him.
Thus she had to be more strict and careful of her actions than the
other wives, who sometimes had secret lovers among the young men.
A man might marry a number of sisters. They were accustomed to living
together and less liable to have friction. Then, too, if parents were
satisfied with a son-in-law, they preferred such an arrangement. In
this way they avoided the risk and social complications of having a
number of sons-in-law.
The head-chief, White Calf, had three sisters for wives.
Catches-Two-Horses, his middle wife, went to live with him when seven
years old. And they were happy in their long life together; he died at
eighty years of age.
It was not customary for a man to marry within his own band. There was
a feeling that all the people of a band were related, and they always
hung together. A girl left the lodge of her parents and went to live
among the people of her husband; she and her children thenceforth
belonged to his band. The different bands lived apart in the winter,
but they always liked to come together every summer in the sun-dance
camp.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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