THE CIRCUS FLAMINIUS 122 FRAGMENTS OF PIANTA CAPITOLINA--THEATRE OF POMPEY 124 THE THERMÆ OF DIOCLETIAN 154 THE SERVIAN WALLS 156 THE BATHS OF CARACALLA 166 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF ROME 185 PLAN OF THE ALBAN HILLS AND GABII 202 PLAN OF THE AREA OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER ON MONTE CAVO 206 PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE AT PRÆNESTE 224 PLAN OF OSTIA AND PORTO 229 PLAN OF HADRIANEUM, NEAR TIVOLI 236 PLAN OF TIVOLI 248 MAP OF ANCIENT ROADS 256 ICHNOGRAPHIA 261 [Illustration] OLD ROME: A HANDBOOK TO THE RUINS OF THE CITY AND THE CAMPAGNA. INTRODUCTION. I.--THE SITE OF ROME AND THE WALLS OF ROME. One of the principal points in the early history of every nation is the effect of the natural configuration of the country in which their first settlements are formed upon the subsequent character of the people. The site of Rome consists of several separate hills, upon which distinct groups of original settlers established themselves. These groups after a temporary rivalry seem to have agreed to form a confederation, in which the leading part was assigned to the Palatine settlement. Such was the origin of that special aptitude shown by the Romans for forming coalitions with rival states, and also of that most valuable trait in their political character, their reverence for law as laid down by a central authority, for each group was taught by their confederate union to regard itself as sharing that central authority. Hence, the historian Livy remarks that under the Roman Republic which built up the power of Rome, the command of law was superior to that of men. But besides this aptitude for confederate union and respect for central authority which the nature of the site seems to have instilled into them, the Romans were also taught by it a readiness to meet their enemies in the open field, and not to trust much to the protection of steep crags or fortified posts. None of the hills of Rome afforded a strong acropolis, such as most other ancient cities possessed. The Capitol of Rome was by no means impregnable. Its central depression rendered it always more or less accessible and liable to be seized by a powerful enemy. The Palatine, though partially fortified, was never considered a strong position. Hence we find that the Servian walls were the only fortifications erected to protect Rome for more than eight hundred years, from the time of Servius down to that of Aurelian. The