Produced by Mark C. Orton, Jana Srna, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. OMPHALOS: AN ATTEMPT TO UNTIE THE GEOLOGICAL KNOT. BY PHILIP HENRY GOSSE, F.R.S. WITH FIFTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS ON WOOD. [Greek: Auxanetai de ta zoa panta, osa echei omphalon, dia tou omphalou.] ARIST.; _Hist. Anim._ vii. 8. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST; PATERNOSTER ROW. 1857. LONDON: R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD STREET HILL. PREFACE. "You have not allowed for the wind, Hubert," said Locksley, in "Ivanhoe;" "or that had been a better shot." I remember, when I was in Newfoundland, some five-and-twenty years ago, the disastrous wreck of the brig _Elizabeth_, which belonged to the firm in which I was a clerk. The master had made a good observation the day before, which had determined his latitude some miles north of Cape St. Francis. A thick fog coming on, he sailed boldly by compass, knowing that, according to his latitude, he could well weather that promontory. But lo! about midnight the ship plunged right against the cliffs of Ferryland, thirty miles to the south, crushing in her bows to the windlass; and presently went down, the crew barely saving their lives. The captain _had not allowed for the polar current_, which was setting, like a sluice, to the southward, between the Grand Bank and the land. When it was satisfactorily ascertained that the heavenly body, now known as Uranus, was a planet, its normal path was soon laid down according to the recognised law of gravitation. But it would not take this path. There were deviations and anomalies in its observed course, which could in nowise be referred to the operation of any known principle. Astronomers were sorely puzzled to explain the irregularities, and to reconcile facts with laws. Various hypotheses were proposed: some denied the facts; that is, the observed places of the planet, boldly assuming that the observers had been in error: others suggested that perhaps the physical laws, which had been supposed to govern the whole celestial machinery, did not reach so far as Uranus's orbit. The secret is now known: _they had not allowed for the disturbances produced by Neptune_. In each of these cases the conclusions were legitimately deduced from the recognised premises. Hubert's skilled eye had calculated the distance; his experience had taught him the requisite angle at which to shoot, the exact amount of force necessary, and every other element proper to insure the desired result, _except one_. There was an element which he had overlooked; and it spoiled his calculations. _He had forgotten the wind._