On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of KnowledgeFullerton, George Stuart
Philosophy
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge
Fullerton, George Stuart
Knowledge, Theory of
element of a line in consciousness is divisible or not. Any argument
from the possibility of dividing its substitutes evidently has nothing
to do with this point.
It is plain that this doctrine, which makes any particular finite line
in consciousness to consist of a limited number of simple parts, is not
open to the objection that it necessitates the absurdity of exhausting
an endless series. Moving along such a line, Achilles could overtake
the tortoise, for the successively diminishing distances between them
do not constitute an endless series. The descending series results
after a limited number of terms in the simple, and the series is
broken, for the simple does not consist of parts. In this there is at
least no contradiction. It remains to see what other objections may lie
against it.
It may be argued, first, as it often is argued, that it is impossible
to conceive of any part of a line as not itself extended and having
parts. It may be admitted that the small parts arrived at do not seem
to have part out of part; that these sub-parts are not observed in
them, but still it is said that one who thinks about them cannot but
think of them as really having such parts. I ask one who puts forward
this objection to look into his own mind and see whether he does not
mean by "thinking about them," bringing them in imagination nearer
to the eye, or by some means substituting for them what can be seen
to have part out of part. That one can do this no one would think of
denying, but, as I have said, this does not prove the original parts to
be extended.
It may be objected again that extension can never be built up out of
the non-extended--that if one element of a given kind has, taken alone,
no extension at all, two or more such elements together cannot have
any extension either. I answer that a straight line has no angularity
at all, and yet two straight lines may obviously make an angle; that
one man is not in the least a crowd, but that one hundred men may be;
that no single tree is a forest, but that many trees together do make
a forest; that a uniform expanse of color is in no sense a variegated
surface, but that several such together do make a variegated surface.
It may be that extension is simply the name we give to several simple
sense-elements of a particular kind taken together. One cannot say
off-hand that it is not.
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