Transcriber's Note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including some inconsistencies of hyphenation. Some changes of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are listed at the end of the text. The errors listed in the Errata have been fixed. Italic text has been marked with _underscores_. ANCIENT BATTLE-FIELDS. ON SOME ANCIENT BATTLE-FIELDS IN LANCASHIRE AND THEIR HISTORICAL, LEGENDARY, AND AESTHETIC ASSOCIATIONS. BY CHARLES HARDWICK, Author of a "History of Preston and its Environs," "Traditions, Superstitions and Folk-Lore," "Manual for Patrons and Members of Friendly Societies," &c. MANCHESTER: ABEL HEYWOOD & SON, OLDHAM STREET. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & Co., STATIONERS' HALL COURT. 1882. TO GEORGE MILNER, ESQ., PRESIDENT, AND TO THE COUNCIL AND MEMBERS OF THE MANCHESTER LITERARY CLUB, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY ONE OF ITS FOUNDERS. CHARLES HARDWICK. PREFACE. To the transactions of the Manchester Literary Club (1875-8) I contributed four papers on "Some Ancient Battle-fields in Lancashire." These essays form the _nuclei_ of the four chapters of the present volume. Their original scope, however, has been much extended, and the evidences there adduced largely augmented. I have likewise endeavoured to still further fortify and illustrate my several positions, by citations from well-known, and many recent, labourers in similar or cognate fields of enquiry.