I have already spoken of the fact of Indian physicians having been at the Court of Persia, and also at that of Haroun al Raschid, and also that the ancient writers on medicine were known to the Arabs of the time of the schools of Baghdad and Cordova. There is no manner of doubt concerning this fact, as in Serapion’s works we find Charak actually mentioned by name; under the head _De Mirobalanis_ we find “_Et Xarch indus dixit;_” and again, in another section “_Xarcha indus;_” there being no corresponding sound to che in Arabic, there is a slight change in the name, but it is quite clear what it is intended for. In Avicenna, again, we find reference to “Scirak indum.” Rhazes, again, who was previous to Avicenna, has “_Inquit Scarac indianus_,” and again “_Dixit Sarac;_” in another place an Indian author is quoted, who has not as yet been traced, “_Sindifar_,” or, as it is in another place, “_Sindichar indianus._” Professor Wilson, in a notice on the medical science of the Hindoos, published in the _Oriental Magazine_, examines into the distinctive qualities of the various sorts of leeches, and shows that the description given in Avicenna, in the section “De Sanguisugis,” is almost identical with the Hindoo author’s description of the twelve sorts of leeches, in distinguishing the appearance and properties of the various sorts. That this is more than a mere coincidence is clear from the fact that Avicenna says “_Indi dixerunt_.” I do not think it will be seriously disputed that the Arabs had access to the Hindoo works of and before their time, and we will find, if we carefully examine the subject, that the science of medicine as distinguished from surgery, and of chemistry as a part of that science of medicine, was much more ancient than we have been prepared to admit. It would be incredible to believe that amongst a people so observant and highly cultured as the Brahmins must have been, that medicine and the changes occurring in mixtures of various substances should have been unstudied, and there is no doubt that this subject was far from being neglected by them.