Chemical or Photographic Rays of Solar Spectrum—Scheele, Ritter, and Wollaston’s Discoveries—Wedgwood’s and Sir Humphry Davy’s Photographic Pictures—The Calotype—The Daguerreotype—The Chromatype—The Cyanotype—Collodion—Sir John Herschel’s Discoveries in the Chemical Spectrum—M. Becquerel’s Discoveries of Inactive Lines in ditto—Thermic Spectrum—Phosphoric Spectrum—Electrical Properties—Parathermic Rays—Moser and Hunt’s Experiments—General Structure and antagonist Properties of Solar Spectrum—Defracted Spectrum 203 SECTION XXV. Size and Constitution of the Sun—The Solar Spots—Intensity of the Sun’s Light and Heat—The Sun’s Atmosphere—His influence on the Planets—Atmospheres of the Planets—The Moon has none—Lunar heat—The Differential Telescope—Temperature of Space—Internal Heat of the Earth—Zone of constant Temperature—Increase of Heat with the Depth—Central Heat—Volcanic Action—Quantity of Heat received from the Sun—Isogeothermal Lines—Line of Perpetual Congelation—Climate—Isothermal Lines—Same quantity of Heat annually received and radiated by the Earth 224 SECTION XXVI. Influence of Temperature on Vegetation—Vegetation varies with the Latitude and Height above the Sea—Geographical Distribution of Land Plants—Distribution of Marine Plants—Corallines, Shell-fish, Reptiles, Insects, Birds, and Quadrupeds—Varieties of Mankind, yet identity of Species 248 SECTION XXVII. Terrestrial Heat—Radiation—Transmission—Melloni’s experiments—Heat in Solar Spectrum—Polarization of Heat—Nature of Heat—Absorptions—Dew—Rain—Combustion—Expansion—Compensation Pendulum—Transmission through Crystals—Propagation—Dynamic Theory of Heat—Mechanical equivalent of Heat—Latent Heat is the Force of Expansion—Steam—Work performed by Heat—Conservation of Force—Mechanical Power in the Tides—Dynamical Power of Light—Analogy between Light, Heat, and Sound 257 SECTION XXVIII. Common or Static Electricity, or Electricity of Tension—A Dual Power—Methods of exciting it—Attraction and Repulsion—Conduction—Electrics and Non-electrics—Induction—Dielectrics—Tension—Law of the Electric Force—Distribution—Laws of Distribution—Heat of Electricity—Electrical Light and its Spectrum—Velocity—Atmospheric Electricity—Its cause—Electric Clouds—Violent effects of Lightning—Back Stroke—Electric Glow—Phosphorescence 282 SECTION XXIX.