these different varieties more continuously, before any satisfactory judgment can be formed as to the date of connection. In Scandinavia we find the padlock in use in Gotland, in Björkö, and in Sweden; and HANS HILDEBRAND, in his work on 'The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia,'[46] published by the South Kensington Museum, says that they were already known in that region in Pagan times. It is to be hoped that this announcement may be only a prelude to some more detailed publication of his researches into a subject to which the present paper can only be regarded as a first introduction--not previously attempted, that I am aware of, in its ethnological and commercial bearings. Local archæologists must work out the rest. Enough has, I trust, been said to show that a large field lies open to the student of the archæology of locks and keys, and that whenever the history of this mechanism is traced in Scandinavia, Persia, India, and China, in the same way that I have endeavoured to trace it in Europe, much light will thereby be thrown on the ramifications of trade and the commercial relations of distant countries in non-historic times. [46] 'The Industrial Arts of Scandinavia,' by HANS HILDEBRAND, 1883. [Illustration: PLATE I. Fig. 1. Japanese book fastening derived from the common pin. Figs. 2 and 3. Common wooden bolt used at Gastein, in Austria, at the present time. Fig. 2. Front view. Fig. 3. Transverse section on A B. _a._ Handle. _b._ Bolt. _c c._ Slit for handle, _a._ Figs. 4 and 5. Wooden bolt with pin fastening (supposed form). Fig. 4. Front view. Fig. 5. Transverse section on A B. Figs. 6 to 8. Wooden single tumbler bolt (supposed form). Fig. 6. Front view (open). Fig. 7. Front view (closed). Fig. 8. Transverse section on A B. Figs. 9A to 11A. Wooden double tumbler lock from the Faroe Islands. Fig. 9A. Front view. Fig. 10A. Longitudinal section. Fig. 11A. Transverse section. _a._ Bolt. _b b._ Teeth of key, _c._ _d d._ Tumblers. _e e e._ Block. _f f._ Holes in bolt. Figs. 12A to 17A. Old Scottish wooden tumbler lock (Patent Museum). Fig. 12A. Front view. Fig. 13A. Side view. Fig. 14A. Longitudinal section. Fig. 15A. Transverse section. Fig. 16A. Section through A B. Fig. 17A. Section through C D.] [Illustration: PLATE I. _Wyman & Sons, Printers, Gt. Queen St. London, W.C._] [Illustration: PLATE II. Figs. 18A to 22A. Old Scottish treble wooden tumbler lock (Patent Museum). Fig. 18A. Front view. Fig. 19A. Side view. Fig. 20A. Longitudinal section. Fig. 21A. Transverse section. Fig.22 A. Section through A B (fig. 21A). Figs. 23A to 25A. Wooden tumbler lock from Norway (Hazilius Museum, Stockholm). Fig. 23A. Front view. Fig. 24A. Longitudinal section.