1. Alliance of evolutionism and hedonism, 164 (_a_) From interpreting greatest happiness by the laws of life, 164 (_b_) From interpreting life by pleasure, 165 2. Evolutionist argument for concomitance of life and pleasure, 167 3. Objections to this argument, 168 (_a_) That life cannot bring more pleasure than pain, 169 (α) From the negative nature of pleasure, 171 (β) From the facts of human life, 172 (_b_) That the evolution of life does not uniformly tend to pleasure, 172 (α) Incompleteness of the evolutionist argument, 173 (β) The pessimist doctrine that life tends to misery, 175 (_aa_) The hypothesis of the unconscious, 176 (_bb_) The nature of volition, 177 (_cc_) The facts of human progress, 179 Individual progress, 179 Social progress, 181 4. The psychological analysis of pleasure and pain in relation to evolutionist ethics, 186 (_a_) The subjective nature of pleasure and pain, 187 (_b_) The conditions of pleasure and pain, 190 (_c_) Application of the theory of evolution, 197 CHAPTER VIII. THE EVOLUTIONIST END.