(M179) The actual traces of tribal institutions in Homer need not be underrated. There is much that is of a tribal character in the Homeric chieftain in his relations to his tribesmen and to their gods. Survivals of tribal custom may also be seen in the reverence for the guest, and the sacredness of the bond of hospitality lasting as it did for generations; and in the blood-feud with its deadly consequences, especially when occurring within the tribe or kindred. Indeed if only the Pentateuch of the Achaians could be found in the ruins of Mycenae and added to the Homeric Book of the Kings, would it not then probably be evident that there was much more of a tribal nature in the organisation of the kindreds of the Achaians and surviving throughout the whole period of their splendour than the aristocratic poets of the Homeric schools allowed themselves to record? (M180) Although therefore nearly all our evidence of the internal structure of the kindred among the Greeks dates from the fifth century B.C., the ἀγχιστεία at Athens must not be put down as belonging merely to that period. In the light of the close analogies to be found in the structure of other tribal systems, it is probable that such subdivisions of the kindred belong to an extremely early period in the history of the Greeks, whether as Achaians or Ionians or Dorians. Are they not indeed necessary features of tribal society itself wherever it is examined? INDEX. Adoption, object of, 35; out of unfortunate home, 36; ceremony of, 36-7 _Agora_, 2, 3 ἀγχιστεία, 32; its meaning, 55; its limits, 58-9; all within it liable for bloodshed, 75 _et seq._; its tribal origin, 143 Ancestor-worship, 10, 140; in Homer, 5, 7; in Israel, 8, 9; in Egypt, 11; pre-Homeric, 141, _note_ ἀνεψιός see ἀγχιστεία βασιλεύς, one of a class, 107, 114; honoured like a god, 105-6, 122; owned τέμενος, 102, 106, 122; influenced the seasons, 105, _note_; over-lordship not altogether hereditary, 107; levied maintenance on their people, 115, 122; Solomon, 116; household βασιλεύς 92 Bastard, no place in family, 95-6; allotment or gift for his maintenance, 95-6 Blood, as basis of family, 13; of tribe, &c., 4-5, 138; its purity jealously guarded, 67 _et seq._; acquisition of, 68 _et seq._ Blood-fine, not within the tribe or kindred, 42-4, 77; in Wales, the _galanas_, 78 _et seq._; paid by whole family, 79 _et seq._ Bloodshed, responsibility for, 42; rested on ἀγχιστεία, 75 _et seq._; within the kindred, 44, 77 Citizenship, admission to, 71, 96; qualification for, by three descents, 73; basis of, 138; confirmed to son of stranger, 71, _note_ ἔγκτησις, grant of, to new citizen, 97, _note_; 123, _note_ ἐπίκληρος, succession found through her, 23; she must marry next-of-kin, 23-7; in Gortyn laws, 26; where more than one, 26; inherited for her issue, 28; Ruth as, 31, 34; had right of maintenance from property, 23-4